1. GLYCOLYSIS AND OTHER PATHWAYS
EMP PATHWAY— ANOTHER NAME FOR GLYCOLYSIS

2. GLYCOLYSIS A UNIVERSAL PATHWAY YIELDS 2ATPS [NET]
THROUGH SUBSTRATE LEVEL PHOSPHORYLATION
OCCURS IN CYTOSOL
ANAEROBIC
GLUCOSE + ATP IN THE PRESCENCE OF GLUCOKINASE=
GLUCOSE-6 PHOSPHATE
FRUCTOSE-6 PHOSPHATE +ATP=
FRUCTOSE 1,6 DIPHOSPATE
2 PGAL- - ->2 PEP-
2 PYRUVIC ACID MOLECULES

3. FATE OF PYRUVIC ACID UNDER ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS IT IS FERMENTED
IN HUMANS IT BECOMES LACTIC ACID
IN YEAST IT BECOMES ETOH + CO2

4. TRANSITION REACTION AN AEROBIC REACTION
CO ENZYME A [CO A] PUTS ONE CARBON ON TO O2 TO FORM CO2, PICKS UP 2 CARBONS FROM PYRUVIC ACID AND BECOMES ACETYL-CO ENZYME A [ACETYL CO A] WHICH CARRIES THE CARBONS WITH THE H AND ELECTRONS ATTACHED INTO THE MITOCHONDRIA INTO THE KREB’S CYCLE

5. NAD
NAD—NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE—A COENZYME-A CARRIER COMPOUND WHICH PICKS UP H+ AND ELECTRONS AND CARRIES THEM INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM WHERE 3 ATP MOLECULES WILL BE FORMED
NIACIN – a “B VITAMIN” THAT IS NECESSARY FOR NAD TO FUNCTION and FORM

6. FAD
FAD—FLAVINE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE — A COENZYME A CARRIER COMPOUND WHICH CARRIES H+ AND ELECTRONS INTO THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM YIELDING 2 ATP MOLECULES
RIBOFLAVIN-A “B VITAMIN” WHICH MUST BE PRESENT FOR FAD TO FUNCTION and FORM

7. KREB’S CYCLE AN AEROBIC REACTION
TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE AND CITRIC ACID CYCLE [OTHER NAMES]
OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRION
3 IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
CITRIC ACID [6 C]
ALPHA-KETOGLUTARIC ACID [5 C]
OXALOACETIC ACID [4 C]

8. KREB’S CYCLE CONTINUED
FOR EACH TURN OF THE CYCLE THERE ARE
3 NADHs FORMED
1 FADH2 FORMED
2 CO2 FORMED
1 ATP
HEAT

9. ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM AN AEROBIC REACTION
CYTACHROME SYSTEM
RESPIRATORY CHAIN
COMPOSED OF A SERIES OF OXIDATION- REDUCTION REACTIONS [ReDox]
FINAL PHASE OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION IN WHICH NADH AND FADH2 ARE OXIDIZED WITH THEIR ELECTRONS BEING PASSED ALONG THE CHAIN

10. ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM CONTINUED
IF NADH BRINGS THE ELECTRONS AND HYDROGENS INTO THE SYSTEM THEN 3 ATP MOLECULES WILL BE MADE USING THE ATP-SYNTHASE MOLECULE [CF 1 OR F1 PARTICLE]
WHEN FADH2 BRINGS THE H+ AND ELECTRONS THEN ONLY 2 ATP MOLECULES ARE MADE
THE LAST 2 COMPOUNDS, CYTACHROME A AND CYTOACHROME A3 ACT AS THE ENZYME CYTACHROME OXIDASE—THEY PLACE ELECTRONS AND 2 HYDROGENS ON TO OXYGEN TO FORM THE WASTE PRODUCT WATER

11. WASTE PRODUCTS ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM
WATER [H2O]
KREB’S CYCLE OR CITRIC ACID CYCLE OR TRICARBOXYLIC ACID CYCLE
CARBON DIOXIDE [CO2]

12. FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS ENTERING THE KREB’S CYCLE
FATTY ACIDS DISSOLVE THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANE
UNDERGO BETAOXIDATION
FORM INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS WHICH CAN LEAVE THE CELL AND LOWER THE pH
Keto acids =Acetone, acetoacetic acid, betahydroxybutyric acid
AMINO ACIDS
ENTER BY PINOCYTOSIS
ARE DEAMINATED
NH2 REMOVED AND CHANGED TO UREA
FORM THE SAME INTERMEDIATE PRODUCTS AS FATTY ACIDS DO
BOTH FATTY ACIDS AND AMINO ACIDS CAN ENTER THE KREB’S CYCLE THROUGH ACETYL CO A

13. SUMMARY 1 GLYCOLYSIS-OCCURS IN CYTOPLASM
TRANSITION REACTION-STARTS IN CYTOPLASM ENDS IN THE MITOCHONDRION
KREB’S CYCLE OCCURS IN THE MATRIX OF THE MITOCHONDRION
ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM OCCURS ON THE CRISTAE OF THE MITOCHONDRION

14. SUMMARY 2 GLYCOLYSIS TRANSITION REACTION [T R]— T R CONTINUED —2 ATPS
NO OXYGEN USED
TRANSITION REACTION [T R]—
IF OXYGEN USED 2 CARBONS GO INTO THE KREB’S CYCLE
T R CONTINUED
AND NAD OR FAD CARRY Electrons AND HYDROGEN INTO THE ETS
IF NO OXYGEN USED FERMENTATION OCCURS

15. SUMMARY 3 KREB’S CYCLE [CITRIC ACID CYCLE]
A 2-CARBON CPD IS ATTACHED TO A 4-CARBON CPD TO FORM CITRIC ACID
3 TURNS TO MAKE 1 PGAL [A 3-CARBON CPD]
OXYGEN IS USED
ATP IS MADE
CO2 IS A WASTE PRODUCT

16. SUMMARY 4 ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM [OCCURS ON THE CRISTAE]
A SERIES OF OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS [GIVING UP ELECTRONS AND TAKING ON ELECTRONS.]
IF NAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS THEN 3 ATPS ARE MADE
IF FAD CARRIES THE ELECTRONS ONLY 2 ATPS ARE MADE
THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR IS OXYGEN WHICH THEN COMBINES WITH 2 HYDROGENS TO MAKE WATER [H2O]