1. Capital Planning and Budgeting Nur Aini Masruroh http://aini.staff.ugm.ac.id/http://aini.staff.ugm.ac.id/ ; Email: aini@ugm.ac.id; n_masruroh@yahoo.comaini@ugm.ac.idn_masruroh@yahoo.com

2. Introduction  Series of decisions by individual economic units as to how much and where resources will be obtained and expended for future use, particularly in the production of future goods and services  Decide by the highest level of management  Scope:  How the money is acquired and from what resources  How individual capital project opportunities (and combination of opportunities) are identified and evaluated  How minimum requirements of acceptability are set  How final project selections are made  How postmortem reviews are conducted

3. Sources of funds  Internal sources  Retained earnings  Reinvested depreciation reserves  External sources  Choose especially when it is judged to be in the best interests of the existing stockholders  In general, the more attractive the investment proposal available, the more the company be willing to go to outside sources to obtain capital in order to take advantage of more investments

4. Equity J.J. Wild, L.A. Bernstein, K.R. Subramanyan, 2001, Financial Statement Analysis, McGraw Hill Book Co, New York.

5. Identification and evaluation of opportunities  All levels of the organization should be encouraged to develop proposals for capital investment projects  Good proposals indicate good company environment  Determine how the company can survive

6. Minimum requirements of acceptability  Determining MARR is generally controversial and difficult  Maximize the economic well-being of the present owner  It is common to set more than one MARR according to risk categories, for example:  High risk (MARR 40%)  New products, new business, acquisitions, joint ventures  Moderate risk (MARR 25%)  Capacity increase to meet forecasted sales  Low risk (MARR 15%)  Cost improvements, make versus buy, capacity increase to meet existing orders

7. Project selection  Choose the projects that offer highest prospective profitability subject to allowances for intangibles or nonmonetary considerations, risk considerations, and limitation of the capital  If MARR has been determined correctly, choose the proposal according to the value of rate of return, PW, AW, or FW  Consider:  Classification of the proposal  Level of applications, activity, benefit, priority, resources used, etc  Dependency between projects  Prerequisite, mutually exclusive, independent, substitute, complement, etc

8. Organization for capital planning and budgeting  The levels required for approval should depend on the nature and importance of the individual project  Illustration:  If the total investment required for the project is  $50 ≤ investment ≤ $ 1,000, approval is required through plant manager  $1000 < investment ≤ $ 10,000, approval is required through division vice president  $10,000 < investment ≤ $ 25,000, approval is required through president  $ 25,000 ≤ investment, approval is required through board of director

9. Post mortem review  Three main purposes (at least):  It determines if planned objectives have been obtained  It determines if corrective action is required  It improves estimating and future planning

10. Mathematical programming for capital budgeting  Consider:  m new independent, indivisible investment opportunity are available  Investment opportunity i has a worth of p i (can be positive or negative), an initial investment of c i, and annual operating and maintenance cost of a i.  There exists a capital budget limitation of $C for new investments, $A for total annual operating and maintenance cost

11. Mathematical programming for capital budgeting (cont’d)

12. Example  A firm is considering two different computing systems and, three different software packages. Software packages 1 and 2 can be used only on computing system I, software package 3 can be used on either computing system. Alternatively, the firm can developed its own software. In this instance the following investment opportunities are defined to meet objective of minimizing  Purchase computing system I  Purchase computing system II  Purchase software package 1  Purchase software package 2  Purchase software package 3  Prepare own software package

13. Independent collections of mutually exclusive opportunities 1 …2 n1n1 i1i1 1 …2 nmnm imim …. Source i (i=1,2,…,m) Opportunity j (j=1,2,…,n i ) Sources are independent and opportunities are mutually exclusive Define: m = number of sources of investment opportunities n i = number of mutually exclusive investment opportunities available from source i p ij = present worth of investment opportunity j from source i C = budget limit

14. Independent collections of mutually exclusive opportunities (cont’d)

15. Divisible investment opportunities  In some cases, investment opportunities are divisible, instead of totally “do nothing” or “do all”  Can be formulated as LP using continuous decision variables; others can be formulated as ILP

16. PlantBudget categoryRate of returnMaximum investment In million $ 1123123 16% 12% 14% 12 10 18 2456456 20% 12% 10% 12 6 14 37878 16% 18% 20 8 Example A major industrial firm has $60 million available for the coming year to be allocated among three processing plants. Because of personnel levels and ongoing projects at the plants, it is necessary that at least $6 million be allocated to plant 1, $16 million to plant 2, and $10 million to plant 3. Because of the production facilities available at plant 3, no more than $34 million can be utilized without major new capital expansion; such expansion cannot be taken at this time. A number of investment opportunities exist at the various plants. Each plant has submitted budget requests in which the opportunities are grouped into categories by anticipated rate of return. For simplicity, the rate of return is expressed as a percentage of investment.

17. Capital rationing  Number of sources of investment funds may be available  There are some investment opportunities  Each dollar borrowed from source j cost c j  Each dollar invested in investment opportunity i returns r i  The dollar amount available from source j is denoted by b j  The maximum amount that can be invested in opportunity i is denoted as a i  The net return resulting from borrowing a dollar from source j and investing it in opportunity i is denoted c ij =r i – c j  The amount borrowed from source j and invested in opportunity i is denoted x ij  To ensure that the money will not be invested unless it is profitable to do so, a dummy source of funds is defined as  To ensure that the money will not be borrowed unless it is profitable to do so, a dummy source of funds is defined as

18. Capital rationing (cont’d)  Can be formulated as transportation problem