1. Birds of Long Island AP Environmental Science Mr. Clark

2. National Wildlife Refuges The Oyster Bay and Target Rock National Wildlife Refuges are located on the north shore of Long Island, east of New York City.

3. Oyster Bay National Wildlife Refuge The Oyster Bay NWR is a 3,209-acre Refuge that includes sub-tidal (bay bottom to mean high tide line) habitats, salt marsh and a freshwater pond. Most Long Island water bird species have been documented on the Refuge. Wintering waterfowl include black ducks, greater scaup, bufflehead, canvasback and long-tailed ducks.

4. Oyster Bay National Wildlife Refuge

5. Target Rock National Wildlife Refuge Target Rock NWR is an 80-acre refuge composed of mature oak-hickory forest, a half-mile rocky beach, a brackish pond, and several vernal ponds. It is very close to Caumsett State Park. The land and waters support a variety of songbirds (particularly warblers during spring migration), mammals, shorebirds, fish, reptiles and amphibians.

6. Target Rock National Wildlife Refuge

8. Oyster Bay National Wildlife Refuge

9. Target Rock National Wildlife Refuge The most common raptors observed at the Target Rock NWR include red-tailed hawk, great horned owl, eastern screech owl, osprey, and American kestrel. Screech owls are abundant and easily detected on the Refuge.

10. Target Rock National Wildlife Refuge Waterfowl: Waterfowl use occurs in the brackish pond and the rocky shoreline.

11. Target Rock National Wildlife Refuge Puddle ducks comprise about a fourth of the ducks using the Refuge and black ducks are by far the dominant puddle duck. Black ducks use both the brackish pond and the rocky shoreline. The most common diving ducks include common golden-eye, greater scaup, long- tailed duck, bufflehead, and red-breasted merganser.

12. Target Rock National Wildlife Refuge Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns and Allied Species, Common loons, red-throated loons, great cormorants, and horned grebes are common in winter off the Refuge's beach.

13. Target Rock National Wildlife Refuge During the summer, double-crested cormorants are easily observed. Among the six species of long-legged waders present, those commonly documented on the Refuge include great blue herons, snowy egrets, and great egrets.

14. Target Rock National Wildlife Refuge Four species of gulls are present on the Refuge, while sandpipers also make use of the rocky beach and brackish pond. The most common shorebird species include greater yellowlegs, black-bellied plover, semi- palmated plover, spotted sandpiper and willet. Common and least terns are observed on the Refuge from May through September.

15. Target Rock National Wildlife Refuge Other Migratory Birds: A total of 35 neo- tropical bird species have been documented on the Refuge. The most common include gray catbird, American robin, Rufous-sided towhee, northern flicker, northern oriole, northern cardinal, bank swallow, and house finch.

16. Crow

17. Blue Jay

18. Purple Finch

19. Rose-Breasted Grosbeak

20. Baltimore Oriole

21. Red-winged Blackbird

22. Gray Catbird

23. Starling

24. Tufted Titmouse

25. Yellow-Shafted Northern Flicker

26. Great Blue Heron

27. Yellow-Bellied Sapsucker

28. Eastern Screech Owl

29. Belted Kingfisher

30. Great Horned Owl

31. Sparrow Hawk (American Kestrel)

32. Turkey Vulture

33. Black Vulture

34. Barn Owl

35. Tree Swallow

36. Purple Martin

37. Barn Swallow

38. Black Crowned Night Heron

39. Downy Woodpecker

40. Mourning Dove

41. House Sparrow

42. Cedar Waxwing

43. Robin

44. Wood Thrush

45. Cardinal

46. Rufous-Sided Tohee (Eastern Towhee)

47. White-Breasted Nuthatch

48. Black-Capped Chickadee

49. Red-Tailed Hawk

50. Osprey