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Unit 7 The Chaser Unit7 Watch the video clip and answer the following questions. 1.Why does the man choose to propose to his girlfriend in the Starlight.

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Presentation on theme: "Unit 7 The Chaser Unit7 Watch the video clip and answer the following questions. 1.Why does the man choose to propose to his girlfriend in the Starlight."— Presentation transcript:

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2 Unit 7 The Chaser Unit7

3 Watch the video clip and answer the following questions. 1.Why does the man choose to propose to his girlfriend in the Starlight room? 2. Why does the woman say no to his proposal? Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 1 Audiovisual Supplement Cultural Information It is because the Starlight room is a romantic and magic place to propose. It is because she feels he is not ready for marriage.

4 Pre-reading Activities - Audiovisual supplement 2 Audiovisual Supplement Cultural Information

5 It has been three years since our first date. Time has really gone by fast. Yep. And over the past few weeks, I have been doing some thinking, mainly thinking about the human condition. A lot of life comes down to making sacrifices and deciding which direction is my life gonna go. Could you please leave? Thank you very much. Are you OK? Yeah. OK? Video Script1 Audiovisual Supplement Cultural Information Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman: From The Bachelor

6 A lot of life comes down to deciding what am I willing to sacrifice because obviously if you choose one path in life, well, you know, you can’t choose the other. That’s kind of where I found myself lately, ever since we, you and I, in our relationship, en, have reached that place. That place. The upshot is “you win.” “You win”? Was that a proposal? “You win” was just the last part of it. The whole thing was a proposal. The “you win” had a context. Aren’t you even gonna look at it? But, first, can we just, can we retrace the mental steps that led to “you win”? Like when you say you and I have reached that place. What place? Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Video Script2 Audiovisual Supplement Cultural Information

7 You know what I mean. Shit or get off the pot? Did you really just say “shit or get off the pot”? Right here in the starlight room? What is a big deal? Why can’t you just say “fish or cut bait”? Because we always say “shit or get off the pot.” Everybody says “shit or get off the pot.” Not in the Starlight Room! What is it with the Starlight Room? Magic, Jimmy. Romance. You know, the whole reason why you come up here to propose. You see the lights in the city. You have a wonderful meal. You listen to beautiful music. And it casts this romantic spell. When you say “shit or get off the pot”, all the magic just suddenly disappears. Now all you have left is bowel trouble. Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Video Script3 Audiovisual Supplement Cultural Information

8 I am sorry. I didn’t think you’d get so upset over a figure of speech. It’s not the words, Jimmy. It’s the whole approach. God, it’s as if you deliberately … What? You don’t want to marry me, do you? I just proposed to you. Yeah, but the way that you proposed, you weren’t asking me to marry you. You were asking me to say no. Just put it on. All right? Please. If you don’t want to marry me, Jimmy, I don’t want to be married to a guy who doesn’t want to get married. Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Man: Woman: Video Script4 Audiovisual Supplement Cultural Information

9 ring and a formalized asking of a question such as “Will you marry me?” Often the proposal is a surprise. In many Western cultures, the tradition has been for the man to propose to the woman. Cultural information 1 Audiovisual Supplement Cultural Information The proposal of marriage is an event where one person in a relationship asks for the other’s hand in marriage. If accepted, it marks the initiation of engagement. It often has a ritual quality, sometimes involving the 1. Proposal of Marriage presentation of an engagement

10 2. Engagement Cultural information 2 Audiovisual Supplement Cultural Information An engagement is a promise to marry, and also the period of time between proposal and marriage — which may be lengthy or trivial. During this period, a couple is said to be affianced, betrothed, engaged to be married, or simply engaged. Future brides and grooms are often or fiancés respectively (from the French word “fiancé”). referred to as fiancée The duration of the courtship varies vastly.

11 Cultural information 3 Audiovisual Supplement Cultural Information Long engagements were once common in formal arranged marriages. In 2007, the average engagement time in the United States was 17 months, but the figure around the world varies greatly depending on culture and customs.

12 The short story is a fable of love with a strong sarcastic tone. The protagonist, Alan Austen, wants to find an easy solution to the problem of love by purchasing a love potion. However , it’s not the love potion that the old man intends to sell primarily, but “life cleaner”. The theme of “The Chaser” is the cynicism of experience, portrayed on a field of Alan’s youthful naivety and the old man’s pessimistic certainty. The title of this short story is somehow a pun. “A chaser” can be a person that pursues someone like in “a woman chaser”. In addition, it can refer to a weaker alcoholic drink taken after a strong one. A whisky, like the potion, intoxicates. A beer chaser, like the “life cleaner”, mollifies the harshness of the spirits. The potion and the poison go together like a strong alcoholic drink and a chaser. Global Reading - Text Analysis Structural AnalysisText Analysis

13 Structural analysis Structural AnalysisText Analysis This short story, which combines elements of horror and love, is built almost entirely through dialogue between a young man, Alan Austen, who is deeply in love and wants to possess his lover entirely, and an unnamed old man who believes in a life free of romantic involvement. In “The Chaser” John Collier uses: the dramatic irony of the title to initialize a cynical landscape; and the understatement of the ending to enclose the cynical world of the old man, a world which Alan is entering.

14 Structural analysis Structural AnalysisText Analysis Paragraph 1: In this part, the protagonist, Alan Austen, has been introduced. Paragraphs 2-12: The old man is trying to sell his mixture. Paragraphs 13-45: Austen got to know about the love potion and in the end bought it.

15 Detailed reading 1 Detailed Reading The Chaser John Collier 1 Alan Austen, as nervous as a kitten, went up certain dark and creaky stairs in the neighborhood of Pell Street, and peered about for a long time on the dim hallway before he found the name he wanted written obscurely on one of the doors.

16 Detailed reading2-3 2 He pushed open this door, as he had been told to do, and found himself in a tiny room, which contained no furniture but a plain kitchen table, a rocking-chair, and an ordinary chair. On one of the dirty buff-coloured walls were a couple of shelves, containing in all perhaps a dozen bottles and jars. 3 An old man sat in the rocking-chair, reading a newspaper. Alan, without a word, handed him the card he had been given. “Sit down, Mr. Austen,” said the old man very politely. “I am glad to make your acquaintance.” Detailed Reading

17 Detailed reading4-7 Detailed Reading 4 “Is it true,” asked Alan, “that you have a certain mixture that has … er … quite extraordinary effects?” 5 “My dear sir,” replied the old man, “my stock in trade is not very large — I don’t deal in laxatives and teething mixtures — but such as it is, it is varied. I think nothing I sell has effects which could be precisely described as ordinary.” 6 “Well, the fact is …” began Alan. 7 “Here, for example,” interrupted the old man, reaching for a bottle from the shelf. “Here is a liquid as colourless as water, almost tasteless, quite imperceptible in coffee, wine, or any other beverage. It is also quite imperceptible to any known method of autopsy.”

18 8 “Do you mean it is a poison?” cried Alan, very much horrified. 9 “Call it a glove-cleaner if you like,” said the old man indifferently. “Maybe it will clean gloves. I have never tried. One might call it a life-cleaner. Lives need cleaning sometimes.” 10 “I want nothing of that sort,” said Alan. 11 “Probably it is just as well,” said the old man. “Do you know the price of this? For one teaspoonful, which is sufficient, I ask five thousand dollars. Never less. Not a penny less.” 12 “I hope all your mixtures are not as expensive,” said Alan apprehensively. Detailed reading8-12 Detailed Reading

19 Detailed reading13-16 Detailed Reading 13 “Oh dear, no,” said the old man. “It would be no good charging that sort of price for a love potion, for example. Young people who need a love potion very seldom have five thousand dollars. Otherwise they would not need a love potion.” 14 “I am glad to hear that,” said Alan. 15 “I look at it like this,” said the old man. “Please a customer with one article, and he will come back when he needs another. Even if it is more costly. He will save up for it, if necessary.” 16 “So,” said Alan, “you really do sell love potions?”

20 17 “If I did not sell love potions,” said the old man, reaching for another bottle, “I should not have mentioned the other matter to you. It is only when one is in a position to oblige that one can afford to be so confidential. ” 18 “And these potions,” said Alan. “They are not just … just … er …” 19 “Oh, no,” said the old man. “Their effects are permanent, and extend far beyond the mere casual impulse. But they include it. Oh, yes they include it. Bountifully, insistently. Everlastingly.” 20 “Dear me!” said Alan, attempting a look of scientific detachment. “How very interesting!” Detailed reading17-20 Detailed Reading

21 Detailed reading21-25 Detailed Reading 21 “But consider the spiritual side,” said the old man. 22 “I do, indeed,” said Alan. 23 “For indifference,” said the old man, “they substitute devotion. For scorn, adoration. Give one tiny measure of this to the young lady — its flavour is imperceptible in orange juice, soup, or cocktails — and however gay and giddy she is, she will change altogether. She will want nothing but solitude and you.” 24 “I can hardly believe it,” said Alan. “She is so fond of parties.” 25 “She will not like them any more,” said the old man. “She will be afraid of the pretty girls you may meet.”

22 Detailed reading26-32 Detailed Reading 26 “She will actually be jealous?” cried Alan in a rapture. “Of me?” 27 “Yes, she will want to be everything to you.” 28 “She is, already. Only she doesn’t care about it.” 29 “She will, when she has taken this. She will care intensely. You will be her sole interest in life.” 30 “Wonderful!” cried Alan. 31 “She will want to know all you do,” said the old man. “All that has happened to you during the day. Every word of it. She will want to know what you are thinking about, why you smile suddenly, why you are looking sad.” 32 “That is love!” cried Alan.

23 33 “Yes,” said the old man. “How carefully she will look after you! She will never allow you to be tired, to sit in a draught, to neglect your food. If you are an hour late, she will be terrified. She will think you are killed, or that some siren has caught you.” 34 “I can hardly imagine Diana like that!” cried Alan, overwhelmed with joy. 35 “You will not have to use your imagination,” said the old man. “And, by the way, since there are always sirens, if by any chance you should, later on, slip a little, you need not worry. She will forgive you, in the end. She will be terribly hurt, of course, but she will forgive you — in the end.” 36 “That will not happen,” said Alan fervently. Detailed reading33-36 Detailed Reading

24 Detailed reading37-40 Detailed Reading 37 “Of course not,” said the old man. “But, if it did, you need not worry. She would never divorce you. Oh, no! And, of course, she will never give you the least, the very least, grounds for — uneasiness.” 38 “And how much,” said Alan, “is this wonderful mixture?” 39 “It is not as dear,” said the old man, “as the glove- cleaner, or life-cleaner, as I sometimes call it. No. That is five thousand dollars, never a penny less. One has to be older than you are, to indulge in that sort of thing. One has to save up for it.” 40 “But the love potion?” said Alan.

25 Detailed reading41-45 Detailed Reading 41 “Oh, that,” said the old man, opening the drawer in the kitchen table, and taking out a tiny, rather dirty- looking phial. “That is just a dollar.” 42 “I can’t tell you how grateful I am,” said Alan, watching him fill it. 43 “I like to oblige,” said the old man. “Then customers come back, later in life, when they are better off, and want more expensive things. Here you are. You will find it very effective.” 44 “Thank you again,” said Alan. “Good-bye.” 45 “Au revoir,” said the man.

26 What is the image of Alan Austen in the first part? Detailed reading1--Quesion Alan Austen is depicted as a timid, skeptical and hesitant character. Through descriptions like “as nervous as a kitten,” “peering about for a long time on the dim hallway”, the writer creates a sense of apprehension. Detailed Reading

27 The sophisticated old man had encountered many young men who had been in the grip of romantic desire before, but who eventually got tired of the possessive love they had experienced. He knew for sure that Austen’s possessive love wouldn’t last long. It would eventually bore and repel him. He expected that when his enthusiastic passion changed into hatred, Austen would come to him again, because he had already seen those disillusioned customers return to buy the “chaser” so that they could be free from the women for whom they had previously bought the love potion. Why do you think the old man told Austen about the life- cleaner before selling the love potion? Detailed reading7--Quesion Detailed Reading

28 What is the implied meaning of the old man’s remark, “Young people who need a love potion very seldom have five thousand dollars. Otherwise they would not need a love potion” Detailed reading13--Quesion What the old man means is that a young man who falls in love one-sidedly is seldom rich enough to win a girl’s heart; if he were rich enough, it would be much easier for him to win the girl’s hand. His words imply that money is one of the crucial factors for love. If a man is not rich, he can rarely expect to be loved by a girl. Detailed Reading

29 What is Austen’s understanding of love? Detailed reading23-32-- Quesion Austen was filled with illusions and unrealistic expectations of love. To him, love meant the entire possession of the lover. When the old man talked about the magic effect of the love potion and described the expectant possessive love, Austen cried “That is love!”, which suggests that he was overwhelmed with joy. Detailed Reading

30 Detailed reading39--Quesion Detailed Reading What does the old man’s remark in Paragraph 39 “… one has to be older than you are, to indulge in that sort of thing” mean? Young people tend to be over-passionate for love, sometimes senselessly and irrationally, while the old, just like the old man who sells the mixtures, would take a cool and sensible, sometimes even cynical attitude toward love.

31 Detailed reading1– Activity Class Activity Role play Detailed Reading Work in pairs and role play the dialogue. Make sure you’ve tried your best to learn the lines by heart. You can also ask a fellow student to supply a prompt. Then discuss with each other how you understand the two roles in the story.

32 peer & peep peep: look at sth. quickly and secretly, esp. through a hole or other small opening peer v. look very carefully or hard, especially as if not able to see clearly Detailed reading1– peer e.g. She sat next to me, peering through the windscreen. Detailed Reading e.g. His door was ajar and she couldn’t resist peeping in. Comparison:

33 Detailed reading1– make sb’s acquaintance Detailed Reading make sb’s acquaintance meet sb. for the first time e.g. That evening he made the acquaintance of a young actress.

34 laxatives and teething mixtures Laxatives (or purgatives) are foods, compounds, or drugs taken to induce bowel movements, most often taken to treat constipation. Teething mixture is a preparation which consists of a syrup designed to cure the teething pain. Detailed reading2– laxatives and teething mixtures Detailed Reading

35 Detailed reading2– imperceptible Detailed Reading Derivation: perceive (v.), perception (n.), perceptible (a.), imperceptible (a.), imperceptibly (ad.) imperceptible a. that cannot be noticed or felt because so small, slight or gradual e.g. an imperceptible change in temperature Martha’s hesitation was almost imperceptible.

36 Detailed reading2-- autopsy autopsy n. the examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death e.g. Since the family opposed an autopsy, the death was officially listed as drowning. They carried out/performed an autopsy. Detailed Reading Synonym: post-mortem

37 Detailed reading2– apprehensively 1 apprehensively ad. full of anxiety about the future e.g. They looked at each other apprehensively. Detailed Reading Derivation: apprehensive (a.), apprehension (n.)

38 Detailed reading3– apprehensively 2 Detailed Reading Practice: 每次儿子骑摩托车出门,她都会担心儿子的安全问题。 She was apprehensive about/for her son’s safety every time he went out on his motorcycle. 学生们正在焦急地等待着他们的期末考试成绩。 Students are waiting with apprehension for their final examination results.

39 Detailed reading3-- love potion love potion a magical potion, drug or charm that supposedly has the power to make a person fall in love with another or excite sexual passion especially toward a particular person, notably the one who gives it to the imbiber Detailed Reading

40 Detailed reading3-- oblige Detailed Reading oblige v. 1. do sb. a favor; fulfill the wishes of e.g. She asked him to lend her his car, and he willingly obliged (her). I should/would be obliged if you could speak louder. e.g. The heavy snow obliged me to abandon the car and continued on foot. Eric felt obliged to resign after such an unpleasant quarrel with the vice president. 2. make it necessary for sb. to do sth.

41 detachment n. the state of not reacting or being involved in sth. in an emotional way Detailed reading5– detachment e.g. She studied the blood with detachment. Detailed Reading Derivation: detach (v.), detached (a.)

42 As the pianist suddenly fell ill the day before the concert, we had to find someone to substitute for him. Detailed reading6– substitute Detailed Reading substitute v. put sth. or sb. in place of another substitute A for B = replace B with A substitute for: replace e.g. They were expected to substitute violence for dialogue. The doctor advised him to substitute low-fat cheese for butter. Comparison: e.g.

43 Detailed reading6– substitute If dairy milk disagrees with your stomach, soya milk could be a good substitute. e.g. Detailed Reading substitute n. sb. or sth. that takes the place of another

44 Detailed reading6– giddy Detailed Reading Isabel’s giddy young sister-in-law e.g. giddy a. not serious; too interested in amusement

45 Detailed reading7– rapture Detailed Reading They stared with rapture at the new opera house. Smith was in / went into raptures at / about the news. e.g. rapture n. great joy and delight Derivation: rapturous (a.), rapturously (ad.)

46 Detailed reading8–draught Detailed Reading Heavy curtains at the windows cut out draughts. e.g. draught n. a current of air blowing through a room

47 Detailed reading9– overwhelm 1 Detailed Reading The family of the victim was overwhelmed by / with grief. The need to talk to someone, anyone, overwhelmed me. e.g. overwhelm v. 1. give sb. a particular feeling very strongly 2. make powerless by using force Government troops overwhelmed the rebels. The attacker overwhelmed the young man by squeezing his throat. e.g.

48 Detailed reading9– overwhelm 2 Detailed Reading overwhelming (a.): very large or very great e.g. The overwhelming majority of small businesses go broke within the first twelve months. Derivation:

49 a fervent desire to win There is a growing sense of national fervency in the state. Detailed reading9– fervently Detailed Reading It is a cause for which we have campaigned fervently these past four years. We fervently believe in the peaceful reunification of the motherland. e.g. fervently ad. with deep sincere feelings fervent (a.), fervency (n.) e.g. Derivation:

50 Detailed reading9-- phial Detailed Reading a phial of blood e.g. phial n. a small bottle, especially for liquid medicines

51 Detailed reading9– I think nothing I sell has Detailed Reading I think nothing I sell has effects which could be precisely described as ordinary. Paraphrase: I think everything I sell could be well deemed as extraordinary.

52 Detailed reading9– It is only when one is in Detailed Reading It is only when one is in a position to oblige that one can afford to be so confidential. Paraphrase: Just because I have decided to do you a favour / sell you the love potions, I feel safe telling you so much about my other medicines.

53 Detailed reading10– Their effects are permanent Detailed Reading Their effects are permanent, and extend far beyond the mere casual impulse. Paraphrase: They have much more everlasting effects than only the momentary impulse.

54 Detailed reading10– For indifference Detailed Reading “For indifference,” said the old man, “they substitute devotion. For scorn, adoration.” Paraphrase: “They, the love potions,” said the old man, “will help change the girl’s attitude towards you. She will no longer hold you in contempt. Instead, She will begin to give you her deep-felt love and care.”

55 Detailed reading11– She will never give you the least Detailed Reading She will never give you the least, the very least, grounds for uneasiness. Paraphrase: You will never find any reason on her part to feel uneasy or worried.

56 Consolidation Activities- Vocabulary main Phrase Practice Word Derivation Synonym / Antonym VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar

57 4) In the past, oil has certain natural materials. Consolidation Activities- Phrase practice 1 1) He the telephone as soon as it rang. VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar reached for _____________ 2) He occasionally that sort of luxuries. indulges in _____________ 3) The gallery only modern paintings. deals in _________ substituted for ________________ Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal verb or collocation from the text. 5) They are since the husband was made the manager. better off ___________

58 Consolidation Activities- break out VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar e.g. 我伸手去拿离自己最近的文件夹。 I reached for the nearest folder. reach for: extend one’s hand or arm in an attempt to touch or grasp sth.

59 Consolidation Activities- grope for VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar e.g. 我们不妨做些白日梦吧。 Let us indulge in a little daydreaming. indulge in: allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of sth.; become involved in (an activity, typically one that is undesirable or disapproved of) 他整日沉湎于交谈和饮酒。 He indulged heavily in conversation and drink.

60 Consolidation Activities- try on VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar e.g. 他们主要经营珍稀书籍。 They mainly deal in rare books. deal in: buy and sell particular goods as a business

61 Consolidation Activities- go out to sb. VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar e.g. 我找了人来顶替我。 I found someone to substitute for me. substitute for: perform the same job as another thing or to take its place

62 Consolidation Activities- tip off VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar e.g. 现在由于两个人都工作,经济状况有了明显的改善。 Obviously we’re better off now since we’re both working. better off: having more money than you had in the past or more money than most other people

63 She came from an obscure Chinese mountain village. He was briefly famous in his twenties but then sank into obscurity. The president’s statement was obscurely worded. Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.1 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 1) obscure a. → obscurity n. → obscurely ad. e.g. 她来自中国一个偏僻的小山村。 他二十多岁时成名,之后就一直默默无闻。 总统的声明言辞晦涩。

64 Ours was a strictly professional acquaintanceship. Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 2) acquaintance n. → acquainted a. → acquaintanceship n. e.g. 我是在新年聚会上第一次认识他的。 “ 你认识那个穿黑衣服的人吗? ”“ 不,我们不认识。 ” 我们的交往仅限于工作关系。 It was at the New Year party that I first made his acquaintance. “Do you know the man in black?” “No, I’m afraid we’re not acquainted.”

65 Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.3 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 3) perceive v. → perceptible a. → perception n. → perceptive a. e.g. 人们往往认为女性杂志很肤浅。 去年一年工作标准方面有了显著的提高。 这些照片会影响到人们对战争的看法。 他是一位富有洞察力的批评家。 Women’s magazines are often perceived to be superficial. The past year has seen a perceptible improvement in working standards. These photographs will affect people’s perceptions of war. He is a perceptive critic.

66 We often fail to apprehend the real nature of change. Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.4 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 4) apprehensive a. → apprehension n. → apprehend v. e.g. 我邀请了许多人来参加这次聚会,但是又有些担心最 后没人会来。 在开始从事一份新的工作之前,通常都会感到一些焦 虑。 我们往往并没有真正了解有关变化的性质。 I’ve invited a lot of people to the party, but I’m a bit apprehensive that no one will come. It’s normal to feel a little apprehension before starting a new job.

67 Mark smiled at me briefly, indifferently, and hurried away. Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.5 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 5) indifference n. → indifferent a. → indifferently ad. e.g. 许多母语是英语的人并不关心语法。 他发现班上的孩子们都毫无兴趣,想要教这样一个班 很难。 马克对我淡然一笑,即匆匆离去。 Many native speakers of English show indifference to grammatical points. He found it very hard teaching a class full of indifferent teenagers.

68 Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.6 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 6) rapture n. → rapt a. → rapturous a. e.g. 首相的支持者们对她的演讲反应热烈。 她坐着读书时表情全神贯注。 队伍受到了热烈的欢迎。 The prime minister’s supporters greeted her speech with rapture. The team received a rapturous welcome. She sat with a rapt expression reading her book.

69 Our team were overwhelmingly defeated in yesterday’s game. Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.7 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 7) overwhelm v. → overwhelming a. → overwhelmingly ad. e.g. 政府军已经成功镇压了叛乱者并控制住了首都的局势。 她感到一种难以抑制的冲动,想要将刚刚发生的事情告 诉什么人。 我们队在昨天的比赛中完败给了对手。 Government troops have overwhelmed the rebels and seized control of the capital. She felt an overwhelming urge to tell someone about what had just happened.

70 Consolidation Activities- Word derivation 1.8 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 8) oblige v. → obliging a. Ant. disoblige v. → disobliging a. e.g. 我们需要一个向导,他也很乐意帮忙。 他找到了一位热心的医生,为他提供了所需的药品。 她一向和同事们关系不和,还经常对他们出言不善。 We needed a guide and he was only too happy to oblige. He found an obliging doctor who gave him the drugs he needed. She never got on with her colleagues, and often made disobliging remarks about them.

71 perceptible, perceivable, noticeable Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym1 1. “Here is a liquid as colourless as water, almost tasteless, quite imperceptible in coffee, wine, or any other beverage …” 2. “… It is also quite imperceptible to any known method of autopsy.” Antonym: VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar postmortemSynonym:

72 Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym2 3. “I hope all your mixtures are not as expensive,” said Alan apprehensively. Synonym:anxiously, fearfully 4. “Oh, no,” said the old man. “Their effects are permanent, and extend far beyond the mere casual impulse …” Antonym: temporary, transient VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar

73 Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym3 5. Give one tiny measure of this to the young lady — its flavour is imperceptible in orange juice, soup, or cocktails — and however gay and giddy she is, she will change altogether. Synonym:profoundly, rigorously, strongly 6. “She will, when she has taken this. She will care intensely. You will be her sole interest in life.” Antonym:grave, cheerless VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar

74 Consolidation Activities- Synonym / Antonym4 7. “That will not happen,” said Alan fervently. Antonym:apathetically, indifferently VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 8. “… She would never divorce you. Oh, no! And, of course, she will never give you the least, the very least, grounds for — uneasiness.” Synonym:reason

75 Consolidation Activities- Grammar main VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting Fronting & Postponement as … as not as / so … as

76 They have promised to finish the work, and [finish it] they will. (predicate verb) [His face] not many admired, while [his character] still fewer could praise. (object) [A professor] he was, but in name only. (complement) Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.1 In English, the first element in a declarative sentence is usually the subject, but if we want to emphasize another element, we can put it first instead. We can put the object, the complement, the predicate verb at the initial position. Fronting is common in parallel structures. VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting For example:

77 Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.2 VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting Practice Emphasize the underlined part by moving it to the initial position of the clause. 1. You will growl, and you must go. (predicate verb) 2. He might have agreed under pressure; he would never willingly. (adjunct) Growl you will, and go you must. He might have agreed under pressure; willingly he would never.

78 Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.3 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 3. We have already discussed this question at some length. (object) 4. His name is Wilson. (complement) 5. My sister Flora was sitting at her desk in deep concentration. (predicate) 6. We plunged into the stifling smoke. (adjunct) This question we have already discussed at some length. Wilson, his name is. Sitting at her desk in deep concentration was my sister Flora. Into the stifling smoke we plunged.

79 Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.4 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar We can postpone the object in SVOO, SVOC, SVOA clause patterns in order to follow the principle of end weight. (S=subject; V=verb; O=object; C=complement; A=adjunct) They pronounced guilty [every one of the accused]. (SVOC) Send the parcel to [my father] not to [my mother]. (SVOO) I saw on my way home yesterday [a man with a scar across his face trying to escape with a bag he had snatched from a lady]. (SVOA) For example:

80 Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.5 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Practice Improve the following sentences by changing the word order. 1. He had called the man on whose judgment he now had to rely an idiot. 2. The problem of what contribution the public should pay then arose. He had called an idiot the man on whose judgment he now had to rely. The problem then arose of what contribution the public should pay.

81 Consolidation Activities- Grammar1.6 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 3. He gave the sergeant who occupied the trench opposite the parcel. 4. The story of her phenomenal success in Australia is told. 5. She rapidly spotted the book that I had been desperately searching for all morning right on my desk. 6. I confessed all my defects to him. He gave the parcel to the sergeant who occupied the trench opposite. The story is told of her phenomenal success in Australia. She rapidly spotted the book right on my desk that I had been desperately searching for all morning. I confessed to him all my defects.

82 Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.1 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar If you want to say that a thing or person has much of a quality as something or someone else, you can use a structure based on the word “as” in front of an adjective / adverb. Usually this adjective / adverb is then followed by a phrase or clause which also begins with “as”. You’re just [as bad as your sister]. Conversation was nearly [as slow as I feared it would be]. For example:

83 Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Practice Make sentences with the given words and phrases and you have to make sure you use the “as … as” structure. 1. as hard; would; without this; ten times; rearing our children; be; as it is. Without this rearing our children would be ten times as hard as it is. 2. as a heat burn; be; sunburn; just; can; as severe Sunburn can be just as severe as a heat burn.

84 Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.3 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 3. as they expected; the; result; as bad; was; just The result was just as bad as they expected. 4. as good; are; ten years ago; the village gardens; as they were The village gardens are as good as they were ten years ago. 5. nearly; a huge bird; as big; had seen; as a man; never; I; which; was; such I had never seen such a huge bird which was nearly as big as a man.

85 Consolidation Activities- Grammar2.4 6. as they want; has eaten; everyone; as much Everyone has eaten as much as they want. VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar

86 John isn’t as tall as his father. John is not as / so tall as his father. Michael does not swim as well as Paul. Michael does not swim nearly as / so well as Paul. Consolidation Activities- Grammar3.1 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar The negative form of “as … as” is “not as … as” or “not so … as”. But so may not be used (1) after the contracted form such as isn’t, don’t, (2) when there are other lexical items in between the negative word and as … as construction. However, when adverbs with negative meanings, such as not nearly, not quite, are used directly before the comparative construction, so is usually acceptable. For example:

87 Consolidation Activities- Grammar3.2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Practice Turn the following into the negative statements. 1. The film is as good as the book. The film is not as / so good as the book. 2. This is nearly as complicated as it sounds. This is not nearly as / so complicated as it sounds. 3. Is there anything quite as lonely as illness? There is nothing quite as / so lonely as illness.

88 It’s not quite as / so straightforward a problem as it might at first seem. Consolidation Activities- Grammar3.3 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar 4. I’m as good a cook as she is. I’m not as / so good a cook as she is. 5. Is there anything quite as satisfying as undergoing a difficult process and after long hard work discovering the true nature of that process? There is nothing quite as / so satisfying as undergoing a difficult process and after long hard work discovering the true nature of that process. 6. Is it quite as straightforward a problem as it might at first seem?

89 Consolidation Activities- Translation1 1. 他们为这次意外的成功而感到欣喜若狂。 (go into raptures) If you go into raptures, you express extreme pleasure and happiness or excitement. VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting Translate the following sentences into English. They went into raptures over the unexpected success.

90 Consolidation Activities- Translation2 Practice: 得知自己成功的消息后,她感到欣喜万分。 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar She went into raptures at the news of her success. 她为自己首次巴黎之行而感到欣喜若狂。 She went into raptures about her first visit to Paris.

91 Consolidation Activities- Translation3 2. 我感到十分惊讶,他用一种超然冷静的态度分析着威胁 他们所有人的危险形势。 (detachment) VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Detachment is a feeling of not being emotionally involved Much to my surprise, he analyzed with extraordinary detachment the dangerous situation that threatened all of them.

92 Consolidation Activities- Translation4 Practice: 对于正在发生的一切,他感到与自己毫无干系。 他气质超脱。 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar He felt a sense of detachment from what was going on. He has an air of detachment.

93 Consolidation Activities- Translation5 3. 她躲在窗帘后面窥望陌生人。 (peer) VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar If you peer at something, you look carefully at it, especially when you have difficulty in seeing something. She peered at the stranger from behind the curtain.

94 Consolidation Activities- Translation6 Practice: 没有人来开门,她透过窗户费力地向屋内张望,看看有没有 人在。 司机为了想要看清路牌,费力地向远处张望。 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar When no one answered the door, she peered through the window to see if anyone was there. The driver was peering into the distance trying to read the road sign.

95 Consolidation Activities- Translation7 4. 听到他去世的噩耗,她不胜悲哀。 (be overwhelmed) VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar If you are overwhelmed by something, you are caused to feel sudden strong emotion. When she learnt the news of his death, she was overwhelmed with grief.

96 I was overwhelmed with guilt. Consolidation Activities- Translation8 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Practice: 我为收到的所有鲜花以及声援信而感到万分激动。 我内心充满了愧疚。 I was quite overwhelmed by all the flowers and letters of support I received.

97 Consolidation Activities- Translation7 5. 我不赞成用分期付款的方式买房子,恰恰相反,我认为, 我们每一个人都应该为不时之需存点钱。 (save up) VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar If you save up, you keep money so that you can buy something with it in the future. I’m not in favor of buying a house on the installment plan; instead, I maintain that every one of us should save up for a rainy day.

98 Consolidation Activities- Translation8 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Practice: 我花了很长时间才攒够去欧洲旅行的钱。 It took me ages to save up enough money to go traveling in Europe. 他正在攒钱,想要买辆新自行车。 He’s saving up for a new bike.

99 Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Dictation Cloze

100 Consolidation Activities- Dictation VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Dictation You will hear a passage read three times. At the first reading, you should listen carefully for its general idea. At the second reading, you are required to write down the exact words you have just heard (with proper punctuation). At the third reading, you should check what you have written down.

101 Rumor is the most primitive way of spreading stories / by passing them on from mouth to mouth. / But civilized countries in normal times / have better sources of news than rumor. / They have radio, television, and newspapers. / In times of stress and confusion, however, / rumor emerges and becomes widespread. / At such times the different kinds of news are in competition: / the press, television, and radio versus the grapevine. / Rumors are often repeated / even by those who do not believe the tales. / There is a fascination about them. Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills1 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Dictation

102 Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar / The reason is that the cleverly designed rumor / gives expression to something deep in the hearts of the victims: / the fears, suspicions, forbidden hopes, / or daydreams which they hesitate to voice directly. / Pessimistic rumors about defeat and disasters show / that people who repeat them are worried and anxious. / Optimistic rumors about record production or peace are soon coming / point to complacency or confidence / — and often to overconfidence.

103 “She said that she would dance with me (1) I brought her red roses,” cried the young student, “but in all my garden there is (2) red rose.” From her nest in the holm-oak tree the nightingale heard him, and she looked out (3) the leaves, and wondered. “No red rose in all my garden!” he cried, and his beautiful eyes filled (4) tears. “Ah, on what little things (5) happiness depend! I have read all (6) the wise men have written, and all the secrets of philosophy are mine, yet for (7) of a red rose is my life made wretched.” Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills3 Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate. if ___ no ___ through _________ VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar with _____ does _____ that _____ want ______

104 “(8) at last is a true lover,” said the Nightingale. “Night after night have I (9) of him, though I knew him not; night after night have I told his story to the stars, (10) now I see him. His hair is dark as the hyacinth-blossom, and his lips are red as the rose of his desire; (11) passion has made his face like pale ivory, and sorrow has set her seal (12) his brow. Surely love is a wonderful thing. It is more (13) than emeralds, and dearer than fine opals. It may not be purchased of the merchants, (14) can it be weighed out in the balance for gold.” Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills4 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar sung ______ Here ______ and _____ but _____ upon ______ precious __________ nor ____

105 Consolidation Activities- Hints1 Would expresses the conditional mood indicating the consequence of an imagined event I brought here red roses. This sentence lacks a conjunction introducing a conditional clause. VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar

106 Consolidation Activities- Hints2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar After but, a negation is naturally expected. And the first sentence of the third paragraph repeats the same idea.

107 Consolidation Activities- Hints3 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Here following looked out, a preposition is expected. The leaves hint at a word to mean “not looking directly at something”.

108 Consolidation Activities- Hints4 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar After filled, which means “caused to become full of something”, we need a preposition.

109 Consolidation Activities- Hints5 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar To emphasize what little things, the normal order of words is reversed, which should be “happiness depends on what little things.” And here in the inversion structure we need an auxiliary verb to indicate the simple present tense.

110 Consolidation Activities- Hints6 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar After the pronoun all, which means “everything” here, we need a relative pronoun to introduce an attributive clause.

111 Consolidation Activities- Hints7 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar After preposition for, we need a noun to form a phrase meaning “a lack or deficiency of something” to echo the idea no red rose in all my garden.

112 Consolidation Activities- Hints8 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar The sentence indicates the situation is happening that we at last have a true lover.

113 Consolidation Activities- Hints9 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar The simple past tense used in the adverbial clause though I knew him not indicates that have is a marker of present perfect tense. And we need the past participle of a verb which shares a similar meaning as told his story in the parallel structure after the semicolon.

114 Consolidation Activities- Hints10 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar This part of the sentence shares a similar structure with the other part in front of the semicolon. Judging from the logic of this sentence, we need a conjunction to connect two clauses when the second now I see him refers to something that happens after the first night after night have I told his story to the stars.

115 Consolidation Activities- Hints11 We need a conjunction to introduce an idea contrasting with dark hyacinth-blossom and red rose. VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar

116 Consolidation Activities- Hints12 Sorrow has set her seal means “sorrow has made her mark”, after the phrase we won’t hesitate to expect “where”. VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar

117 Consolidation Activities- Integrated skills5 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar And is used here to connect two identical ideas. We need an adjective that shares the same meaning with dear, and at the same time its comparative has to be MORE X.

118 Consolidation Activities- Hints VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar We need a conjunction before the second of the two alternatives, the first being introduced by a negative not, to indicate that they are both untrue.

119 Consolidation Activities- Oral activities VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Giving a Talk Making a Dialogue

120 Love is a choice. By focusing on the good, you can love almost anyone. Consolidation Activities- Oral activities1 Topic: What is Love? VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Viewpoints for reference: Many people believe love is a sensation that magically generates when Mr. or Ms. Right appears. Love is that feeling you get when you meet the right person. Love is the attachment that results from deeply appreciating another’s goodness. 1. Giving a Talk

121 Consolidation Activities- Oral activities1 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Love is care, demonstrating active concern for the recipient’s life and growth. Love is responsibility, responding to the recipient’s expressed and unexpressed needs (particularly, in an adult relationship, emotional needs). Love is respect, “the ability to see a person as he [or she] is, to be aware of his [or her] unique individuality,” and, consequently, wanting that person to “grow and unfold as he [or she] is.”

122 Consolidation Activities- Oral activities1 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar “Love is a behavior.” A relationship thrives when partners are committed to behaving lovingly through continual, unconditional giving — not only saying, “I love you,” but showing it.

123 Austen and Diana had been married for ten years. Diana was expecting their third baby. Unluckily, Austen lost his job in the recent financial crisis. He got drunk and came back home late this evening … Consolidation Activities- Making a Dialogue VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar A possible situation: 2. Making a Dialogue

124 Consolidation Activities- Writing main VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Essay Writing: How to Write a Persuasive Essay the point of argument, the explanation of the argument, Purpose: To convince The structure of Your Arguments: facts/evidence that support the idea/thesis, and a small summary leading to the next argument.

125 Consolidation Activities- Writing1 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Sample: A persuasive essay Drilling For Oil: To Be or Not to Be? ① The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge is home to some rare animals and migratory birds. Some influential people in the oil business consider the refuge an ideal site for the search of oil, and some government officials also believe that Americans will benefit from the oil that lies under the snow-covered surface of the refuge. In their view, the oil will help scale down soaring fuel prices and reduce the import to meet our need for oil.

126 Consolidation Activities- Writing2 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar ② I believe the cost of such drilling is too high. I agree with environmentalists who fear that drilling will disturb the migration of more than 130,000 caribou. Each spring, the caribou travel 400 miles to give birth on the coastal plain. In this area of the refuge, there are fewer predators. In addition, experts say that the oil in the area adds up to less than a six-month supply. Is such a small amount of oil worth the risk drilling poses to these animals? ③ Americans are the largest consumers of oil. Instead of drilling for oil, we should decrease our need for foreign oil simply by using less. We must all work together to cut back on the oil we use in order to conserve the wildlife of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Sample Analysis

127 Consolidation Activities- Writing3 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar The sample is a three-paragraph essay. The title questions the reader whether drilling should take place or not. Paragraph ① raises an issue and includes the opposite view regarding it. Paragraph ② leads us to the thesis. And the writer supports his opinion with strong ideas and evidences. Paragraph ③ concludes by suggesting a solution to the raised problem.

128 Consolidation Activities- Writing4 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Practice Write a persuasive essay on the given topic: Think and prove that living in a big city is better than living in a small town (or vice versa).

129 Different kinds of people have different tastes as to where to live. There are two basic choices for a place to live: in a small town or in a big city. While both have their own advantages, I would prefer to live in a big city. I base my preference on the fact that big cities are more convenient than small towns, and in big cities there are more chances to experience cultural events and entertainment. To begin with, living in a big city is much more convenient than living in a small town. People living in small towns often have difficulties getting from place to place because of a lack of transportation. If travelers miss Consolidation Activities- Writing5 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar Sample

130 Consolidation Activities- Writing6 VocabularyTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar a scheduled bus or train, they may have to wait for a long time before they can catch the next one. However, in big cities a variety of transportation choices, including buses, subways and taxis, are available. A great variety of shopping choices are also available to big cities, such as department stores and outdoor markets. People living in urban areas can buy anything they need at any time of the day, but in rural areas the shopping choices are very limited and people usually have to go to other towns or cities in order to purchase particular items. Another advantage of living in a big city is that people have more opportunities for cultural experiences than in a small town. In terms of cultural events and

131 Consolidation Activities- Writing7 VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting entertainment, it is often of better quality in big cities than in small towns. This is because there are more patrons, which means the performances have higher budgets to put on better shows. Big cities also provide a greater variety of events, from newly released movies to cultural festivals. Because of the abundance of entertainment venues, big cities have more events compared to small towns, which have fewer places to hold events. Furthermore, it is easy to attend the cultural events in big cities due to the better modes of transportation. In conclusion, though there are certainly advantages to living in a small town, I prefer to live in a big city. This

132 Consolidation Activities- Writing8 VocabularyGrammarTranslationIntegrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting is because big cities are convenient in terms of transportation and shopping and they provide me with a greater variety of cultural events. While it is nice to visit rural areas for fresh air and to get away from crowds, I prefer to live in a big city for the previously mentioned reasons.

133 Section Five Further Enhancement Text IIMemorable Quotes A Lead-in Question Text Questions for Discussion

134 A Lead-in Question Lead-in questions Text IIMemorable Quotes Considering its time-honored history, Chinese culture tends to be compared to an old man in his eighties or even nineties. And it is very intriguing to find out that Chinese people as a whole are tolerant, practical, lack courage to take risks, which just resemble the characters of the elderly proposed by Aristotle in his Youth and Old Age. What do you think of Chinese people’s national character?

135 1 Young men have strong passions, and tend to gratify them indiscriminately. Of the bodily desires, it is the sexual by which they are most swayed and in which they show absence of self-control. They are changeable and fickle in their desires, which are violent while they last, but quickly over: their impulses are keen but not deep- rooted, and are like sick people’s attacks of hunger and thirst. They are hot-tempered and quick-tempered, and apt to give way to their anger; bad temper often too gets the better of them, for owing to their love of honor they cannot bear being slighted, and are indignant if they imagine themselves unfairly treated. Youth and Old Age Text1 Text IIMemorable Quotes Aristotle

136 While they love honor, they love victory still more; for youth is eager for superiority over others, and victory is one form of this. They love both more than they love money, which indeed they love very little, not having yet learnt what it means to be without it — this is the point of Pittacus’ remark about Amphiaraus. They look at the good side rather than the bad, not having yet witnessed many instances of wickedness. They trust others readily, because they have not yet often been cheated. They are sanguine; nature warms their blood as though with excess of wine; and besides that, they have as yet met with few disappointments. Their lives are mainly spent not in memory but in expectation; for expectation refers to the future, memory to the past, Text1 Text IIMemorable Quotes

137 and youth has a long future before it and a short past behind it: on the first day of one’s life one has nothing at all to remember, and can only look forward. They are easily cheated, owing to the sanguine disposition just mentioned. Their hot tempers and hopeful dispositions make them more courageous than older men are; the hot temper prevents fear, and the hopeful disposition creates confidence; we cannot feel fear so long as we are feeling angry, and any expectation of good makes us confident. They are shy, accepting the rules of society in which they have been trained, and not yet believing in any other standard of honor. They have exalted notions, because they have not yet been humbled by life or learnt its necessary limitations; Text1 Text IIMemorable Quotes

138 Text1 Text IIMemorable Quotes moreover, their hopeful disposition makes them think themselves equal to great things — and that means having exalted notions. They would always rather do noble deeds than useful ones: their lives are regulated more by moral feeling than by reasoning; and whereas reasoning leads us to choose what is useful, moral goodness leads us to choose what is noble. They are fonder of their friends, intimates, and companions than older men are, because they like spending their days in the company of others, and have not yet come to value either their friends or anything else by their usefulness to themselves. All their mistakes are in the direction of doing things excessively and vehemently. They disobey Chilon’s precept by overdoing everything; they have much and hate too much,

139 1 Text IIMemorable Quotes and the same with everything else. They think they know everything, and are always quite sure about this, in fact, is why they overdo everything. If they do wrong to others, it is because they mean to insult them, not to do them actual harm. They are ready to pity others, because they think every one is an honest man or anyhow other that he is: They judge their neighbor by their own harmless natures, and so cannot think he deserves to be treated in that way. They are fond of fun and therefore witty, wit being well-bred insolence.

140 2 Text IIMemorable Quotes 2 Such, then, is the character of the Young. The character of the Elderly — those who are past their prime — may be said to be formed for the most part of elements that are the contrary of all these. They have lived many years; they have often been taken in, and often made mistakes; and life on the whole is a bad business. The result is that they are sure about nothing and under-do everything. They “think”, but they never “know”; and because of their hesitation they always add a “possibly” or a “perhaps”, putting everything this way and nothing positively. They are cynical; that is, they tend to put the worse construction on everything. Further,

141 2 Text IIMemorable Quotes their experience makes them distrustful and therefore suspicious of evil. Consequently they neither love warmly nor hate bitterly, but following the hint of Bias they love as though they will some day hate and hate as though they will some day love. They are small-minded, because they have been humbled by life: their desires are set upon nothing more exalted or unusual than what will help them to keep alive. They are not generous, because money is one of the things they must have, and at the same time their experience has taught them how hard it is to get and how easy to lose. They are cowardly,

142 2 Text IIMemorable Quotes and are always anticipating danger; unlike that of the young, who are warm-blooded, their temperament is chilly; old age has paved the way for cowardice; fear is, in fact, a form of chill. They love life; and all the more when their last day has come, because the object of all desire is something we have not got, and also because we desire most strongly that which we need most urgently. They are too fond of themselves; this is one form that small-mindedness takes. Because of this, they guide their lives too much by considerations of what is useful and too little by what is noble — for the useful is what is good for oneself, and the noble what is good absolutely. They are not shy, but shameless rather;

143 2 Text IIMemorable Quotes caring less for what is noble than for what is useful, they feel contempt for what people may think of them. They lack confidence in the future; partly through experience — for most things go wrong, or anyhow turn out worse than one expects; and partly because of their cowardice. They live by memory rather than by hope; for what is left to them of life is but little as compared with the long past; and hope is of the future, memory of the past. This, again, is the cause of their loquacity; they are continually talking of the past, because they enjoy remembering it. Their fits of anger are sudden but feeble.

144 2 Text IIMemorable Quotes Their sensual passions have either altogether gone or have lost their vigor: consequently they do not feel their passions much, and their actions are inspired less by what they do feel than by the love of gain. Hence men at this time of life are often supposed to have a self- controlled character; the fact is that their passions have slackened, and they are slaves to the love of gain. They guide their lives by reasoning more than by moral feeling; reasoning being directed to utility and moral feeling to moral goodness. If they wrong others, they mean to injure them, not to insult them. Old men may feel pity, as well as young men, but not for the same reason.

145 3 Text IIMemorable Quotes Young men feel it out of kindness; old men out of weakness, imagining that anything that befalls any one else might easily happen to them, which, as we saw, is a thought that excites pity. Hence they are querulous, and not disposed to jesting or laughter — the love of laughter being the very opposite of querulousness. 3 Such are the characters of the Young and the Elderly. People always think well of speeches adapted to, and reflecting, their own character: and we can now see how to compose our speeches so as to adapt both them and ourselves to our audiences.

146 About the author and the text: Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher, a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He wrote on many subjects, including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, politics, government, ethics, biology and zoology. Together with Plato and Socrates (Plato’s teacher), Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in Western philosophy. He was the first to create a comprehensive system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. The text Youth and Old Age is an excerpt from Aristotle’s Rhetoric (Book II, Chapter 12). Text1 – Aristotle Text IIMemorable Quotes

147 Pittacus’ remark about Amphiaraus (Paragraph 1): Pittacus (640-568 BC) was the son of Hyrradius and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. He was a native of Mytilene and the Mytilenaean general who, with his army, was victorious in the battle against the Athenians and their commander Phrynon. In consequence of this victory the Mytilenaeans held Pittacus in the greatest honour and presented the supreme power into his hands. After ten years of reign he resigned his position and the city and constitution were brought into good order. Some authors mention that he had a son called Tyrrhaeus. The legend says that his son was killed and when the murderer was brought before Pittacus, Text6 – Pittacus’ remark about Amphiaraus 1 Text IIMemorable Quotes

148 he dismissed the man, saying, “Pardon is better than repentance.” Of this matter, Heraclitus says that he had got the murderer into his power and then he released him, saying, “Pardon is better than punishment.” In Greek mythology, Amphiaraus was the son of Oecles and Hypermnestra, and husband of Eriphyle. Amphiaraus was the King of Argos along with Adrastus — the brother of Amphiaraus’ wife, Eriphyle — and Iphis. Amphiaraus was a seer, and greatly honored in his time. Both Zeus and Apollo favored him, and Zeus gave him his oracular talent. In the generation before the Trojan War, Amphiaraos was one of the heroes present at the Calydonian Boar Hunt. Text9 … Pittacus’ remark about Amphiaraus 2 Text IIMemorable Quotes

149 Text10– Chilon’s precept 1 Text IIMemorable Quotes Chilon’s precept (Paragraph 1): Chilon of Sparta was a Lacedaemonian, son of Damagetus and one of the Seven Sages of Greece. He was elected an ephor in Sparta in 556/5 BC. It is recorded that he composed verses in elegiac metre to the number of two hundred. Chilon was also the first person who introduced the custom of joining the ephors to the kings as their counselors, though Satyrus attributes this institution to Lycurgus Chilon is said to have helped to overthrow the tyranny at Sicyon, which became a spartan ally. He is also credited with the change in Spartan policy leading tot the development of the Peloponnesian League in the sixth

150 century BC. Chilon’s teachings flourished around the beginning of the 6th century B.C. A legend says that he died of joy in the arms of his son, who had just gained a prize at the Olympic games. His sayings include “Nothing in Excess”, which is the precept that Aristotle refers to. Text11– Chilon’s precept 2 Text IIMemorable Quotes

151 utility Text IIMemorable Quotes utility (Paragraph 2): Usefulness, or gain as referred to above:“I have always doubted the utility of these conferences on disarmament” (Winston S. Churchill).

152 They are sanguine Text IIMemorable Quotes They are sanguine; nature warms their blood as though with excess of wine (Paragraph 1): They are cheerful and literally red-faced, as if they have drunk too much wine. Literally, sanguine refers to a reddish, often tending to brown, color of chalk used in drawing.

153 past their prime Text IIMemorable Quotes past their prime (Paragraph 2): past the best of one’s life. The prime, or the prime time, is the age of ideal physical perfection and intellectual vigor.

154 hint of Bias Text IIMemorable Quotes hint of Bias (Paragraph 2): Bias is a Greek philosopher, and considered the wisest of all the Seven Sages of Greece. His famous sayings include: “All men are wicked.” “Choose the course which you adopt with deliberation; but when you have adopted it, then persevere in it with firmness.” “Cherish wisdom as a means of traveling from youth to old age, for it is more lasting than any other possession.”

155 Questions for discussion1 1. How does Aristotle define expectation and memory respectively? How do you interpret expectation and memory? Aristotle holds that a young man is a man of expectation, for he has a long future ahead of him, and an elderly man is a man of memory, for he has a long past behind him. So a young man tends to be confident, for a bright and promising future is always inspiring and an elderly is likely to be cautious, for he has gone through many ups and downs in life. A young man is less burdened, for he is not burdened with too many memories, and an elderly man is liable to be more burdened, for he has too many Text IIMemorable Quotes

156 Questions for discussion2 memories to indulge in. A young man is apt to commit errors and run into blunders, for he is not a dear teacher of rich experiences himself and an elderly man is less liable to commit grave mistakes, for he must have learnt so many lessons in life. Text IIMemorable Quotes

157 Questions for discussion3 2. How are two types of people, the first type being those driven by reasoning and the other type motivated by moral goodness, normally respond to circumstances? Those who like to reason tend to be deep and sophisticated, so they are normally slow and cautious in their response to circumstances, for they take into careful account what consequences their response may lead to while those who give top priorities to moral goodness tend to be quick in their response to circumstances for anything noble and great can get their positive response promptly and anything lowly and ignoble can cause their negative response in no time. Text IIMemorable Quotes

158 Questions for discussion4 Text IIMemorable Quotes 3. What is the possible chief cause behind hesitation and indecision of the elderly? The elderly might have experienced many frustrations in life, many of which were beyond their expectation. As a result, they are less sure about life. Therefore, when faced with a choice in life, they tend to show hesitation and indecision.

159 The elderly are engaged more in contemplation rather than action, for they prefer to reason than to feel; they are more cynical and distrustful, for they have seen too often the worse side of human nature; they are moderate in life attitude, so they display neither intense love nor intense hate in normal circumstances. 4. What special characteristics are the elderly apt to display in actualities? Questions for discussion5 Text IIMemorable Quotes

160 Memorable Quotes1 Text IIMemorable Quotes Love lives on hope, and dies when hope is dead. — Pierre Corneille

161 Memorable Quotes1 Text IIMemorable Quotes The love we give away is the only love we keep. — Elbert Hubbard

162 Memorable Quotes1 Text IIMemorable Quotes Love looks not with the eyes, but with the mind; And therefore is winged Cupid painted blind. — William Shakespeare

163 ① Many people know little about their partners when they fall in love with them. ② Many other people choose to ignore their differences in social background, age, educational level or even their partners’ serious problems in personality. ③ Many people’s miserable marriages are a result of blind love. Memorable Quotes2 Text IIMemorable Quotes A Topic for Debate: Love is blind. Guidance Proposition side:

164 ① Synonyms for love can be passion, impulse, compulsion, love not necessarily being blind. ② People will not just take a liking to someone similar to them, and they are often attracted by a person totally different from them. Only when people look beyond differences they have a better chance to find their true love. ③ Marriage doesn’t have to be a result of love, so there can be many other reasons behind the failure of a marriage. Memorable Quotes3 Text IIMemorable Quotes Opposition side:

165 Memorable Quotes4 Text IIMemorable Quotes Pierre Corneille (1606-1684) has been called “the founder of French tragedy” and he was one of the three great seventeenth-century French dramatists, along with Molière and Racine.

166 Memorable Quotes5 Text IIMemorable Quotes Elbert Green Hubbard (1856-1915) was an American writer, publisher, artist, and philosopher. He was an influential exponent of the Arts and Crafts movement and is, perhaps, most famous for his essay A Message to Garcia.

167 Memorable Quotes6 Text IIMemorable Quotes William Shakespeare (1564–1616) was an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world’s pre- eminent dramatist.

168 Notation type here


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