1. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 1 General presentation of Eurocode 7 ‘Geotechnical design’ Roger FRANK Université Paris-Est Ecole nationale des ponts et chaussées Navier-CERMES Moscow State Construction University Moscow, 9 & 10 December 2010

2. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 2 1. Introduction 2. Contents of Eurocode 7 - Parts 1 & 2 3. Some aspects of Eurocode 7-1 Characteristic values ULS Design Approaches SLS –Serviceability limit states 4. Liaisons. Associated standards

3. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 3 EN 1990 EN 1991 EN 1992 EN 1993 EN 1994 EN 1995 EN 1996 EN 1999 Basis of Structural design Actions on structures «Material » resistance EN 1997 EN 1998 Geotechnical and seismic design STRUCTURAL EUROCODES

4. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 4 EN 1997-1 (2004) : General rules EN 1997-1 (2004) : General rules EN 1997-2 (2007) : Ground investigation and testing EN 1997-2 (2007) : Ground investigation and testing Eurocode 7 – Geotechnical design

5. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 5 2. Contents of Eurocode 7 – Parts 1 & 2

6. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 6 Contents of Part 1 (EN 1997-1) Section 1 General Section 2 Basis of geotechnical design Section 3 Geotechnical data Section 4 Supervision of construction, monitoring and maintenance Section 5 Fill, dewatering, ground improvement and reinforcement

7. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 7 Section 6 Spread foundations Section 7 Pile foundations Section 8 Anchorages Section 9 Retaining structures Section 10 Hydraulic failure Section 11 Site stability Section 12 Embankments

8. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 8 Informative annexes Annexes D & E : Bearing capacity of foundations R/A' = c'  N c  b c  s c  i c + q'  N q  b q  s q  i q + 0,5   '  B '  N   b   s   i  R /A' =  v0 + k  p* le Annexe F : Settlement of foundations s = p  b  f / E m

9. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 9 Contents of Part 2 (EN 1997-2) Section 1 General Section 2 Planning and reporting of ground investigations Section 3 Drilling, sampling and gw measurements Section 4 Field tests in soils and rocks Section 5 Laboratory tests on soils and rocks Section 6 Ground investigation report Informative annexes > Also a number of Informative annexes

10. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 10 Clauses on : CPT(U), PMT, FDT, SPT, DP, WST, FVT, DMT, PLT  Objectives, specific requirements, evaluation of test results, use of test results and derived values Annexes with examples on use of results and derived values for geotechnical design EN 1997- 2 Field tests in soils and rocks (Section 4)

11. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 11 preparation of soil specimens for testing  preparation of rock specimens for testing  tests for classification, identification and description of soils  chemical testing of soils and groundwater  strength index testing of soils  strength testing of soils  compressibility and deformation testing of soils  compaction testing of soils  permeability testing of soils  tests for classification of rocks  swelling testing of rock material  strength testing of rock material EN 1997- 2 Laboratory tests on soils and rocks (Section 5)

12. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 12 Results of test standards EN 1997-2 Annex A Field testTest results CPT/CPTUq c, f s, R f (CPT) / q t, f s, u (CPTU) Dynamic probingN 10 (DPL, DPM, DPH); N 10 or N 20 (DPSH) SPTN, E r (SPT), soil description Pressuremeters (PMT)E M,, p f, p lM (MPM); expansion curve (all) Flexible dilatometer (FDT)E FDT, deformation curve Field vane test (FVT)c fv, c rv, torque-rotation curve Weight sounding test (WST)continuous record of penetration depth or N b Plate loading testpupu Flta dilatometer test P 0, p 1, E DMT, I DMT, K DMT (DMT) Laboratory tests Soils: w ;  s ; grain size distribution curve ; w P, w L ; e max, e min, I D ; C OM ; C CaCO3 ; C SO4 2-, C SO3 2- ; C cl ; pH ; compressibility, consolidation, creep curves, E oed,  ’ p or C s, C c,  ’ p, C  ; c u (lab vane) ; c u (fall cone) ; q u ; c u (UU) ;  -  and u curves,  paths, Mohr circles ; c’,  ’ or c u, c u =f(  ’c), E’ or E u ;  -u curve,  -  diagram, c’,  ’, residual parameters ; I CBR ; k (direct lab, field or oedometer) Rocks: w ;  and n ; swelling results ;  c, E and ; I s50 ;  -u curve, Mohr diagram, c’,  ’, res par ;  T ;  -  curve,  paths, Mohr circles ; c’,  ’, E and

13. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 13 Type of test F= field L= laboratory Correlations Test results and derived values 1 2 3 4 F 1 F 2 L 1 L 2 C1 C2 Cautious selection Geotechnical model and characteristic value of geotechnical properties Design values of geotechnical properties Application of partial factors Information from other sources on the site, the soils and rocks and the project EN 1997-1 -2 Geotechnical properties

14. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 14 3. Some aspects of Eurocode 7-1  Characteristic values and design values  ULS Design Approaches  SLS and deformations of structures

15. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 15 Characteristic value of geotechnical parameters characteristic value P The characteristic value of a geotechnical parameter shall be selected as a cautious estimate of the value affecting the occurrence of the limit state. If statistical methods are used, the characteristic value should be derived such that the calculated probability of a worse value governing the occurrence of the limit state under consideration is not greater than 5%.

16. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 16 Design value of a parameter : X d = X k /  M Design values of actions and resistances fulfilling for STR/GEO ULS : E d  R d E d = E {  F.F k } and R d = R { X k /  M } (= “at the source”) or E d =  E.E { F k } and R d = R { X k } /  R Design values of geotechnical parameters

17. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 17 Ultimate limit states – Eurocode 7-1 EQU : loss of equilibrium of the structure STR : internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure or structural elements GEO : failure or excessive deformation of the ground UPL : loss of equilibrium due to uplift by water pressure (buoyancy) or other vertical actions HYD : hydraulic heave, internal erosion and piping caused by hydraulic gradients

18. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 18 EN1990 - Ultimate limit states EQU and STR/GEO J.A Calgaro E d < R d

19. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 19 STR/GEO : persistent and transient situations Action (  F ) Symbol Set A1Set A2 Permanent Unfavourable Favourable  G 1,35 1,00 Variable Unfavourable Favourable  Q 1,50 0 1,30 0 Soil parameter (  M ) Symbol Set M1Set M2 Angle of shearing resistance ’’ 1,001,25 Effective cohesion c’c’ 1,001,25 Undrained shear strength  cu 1,001,40 Unconfined strength  qu 1,001,40 Weight density 1,00 ApproachesCombinations 1 A1 “ + ” M1 “ + ” R1 & A2 “ + ” M2 “ + ” R1 Or A2 “ + ” M1 or M2 “ + ” R4 2 A1 “ + ” M1 “ + ” R2 3 A1 or A2 “ + ” M2 “ + ” R3 Resistance (  R ) Symbol Set R1Set R2Set R3 Bearing capacity  Rv 1,001,41,00 Sliding  Rh 1,001,11,00   R for Spread foundations

20. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 20 Ultimate limit states (UPL) G dst;d + Q dst;d  G stb;d + R d Examples of situations where uplift might be critical

21. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 21 Ultimate limit states (HYD) Heave due to seepage of water Permeable subsoil piezometric level in the permeable subsoil low permeability soil Piping u dst;d   stb;d  u dst;d   ´ stb;d Example of situation where heave or piping might be critical

22. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 22 Accidental situations Actions : all values of  F (and  M ) = 1.0 Resistances : all values of  R (and  M ) depend all values of  R (and  M ) depend on the particular accident on the particular accident Seismic situations : Seismic situations : see Eurocode 8-5

23. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 23 Ultimate limit states of static equilibrium (EQU) : E d,dst  E d,stb Ultimate limit states of resistance (STR/GEO) : E d  R d Ultimate limit state of uplift (UPL) : G dst;d + Q dst;d  G stb;d + R d Ultimate limit state of hydraulic failure (HYD) : u dst;d   stb;d or S dst;d  G´ stb;d Verifications of ULS

24. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 24 EN1990 - Serviceability limit states SLS Verifications : C d = limiting design value of the relevant serviceability criterion E d = design value of the effects of actions specified in the serviceability criterion, determined on the basis of the relevant combination all  F and  M = 1.0 all  F and  M = 1.0 Ed  CdEd  CdEd  CdEd  Cd

25. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 25 settlement s, differential settlement  s, rotation  and angular strain  relative deflection  and deflection ratio  /L  and relative rotation (angular distortion)  (after Burland and Wroth, 1975) Movements and deformations of structures

26. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 26 Foundations of buildings (Eurocode 7, 1994) *Serviceability limit states (SLS) :  max ≈ 1/500 *Ultimate limit states (ULS) :  max ≈ 1/150 s max ≈ 50 mm  smax ≈ 20 mm Foundations of bridges Moulton (1986) for 314 bridges in the US and Canada : *  max ≈ 1/250(continuous deck bridges) and  max ≈ 1/200(simply supported spans) * s Hmax ≈ 40 mm In France, in practice : ULS :  max ≈ 1/250 SLS :  max ≈ 1/1000 à 1/500

27. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 27 4. Liaisons. Associated standards EN 1990: Eurocode : Basis of structural design EC 8 - 5 : Earthquake resistance design: foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects TC 288 : Execution of geotechnical works TC 341 : Geotechnical investigation and testing ISO/TC 182 Geotechnics : SC1 Soil and rock classification SC3 Foundations, retaining structures & earthworks

28. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 28 Published standards EN 1536: Bored piles (1999), 79 p EN 1538: Diaphragm walls (2000), 46 p EN 1537: Ground anchors (2000), 56 p EN 12063: Sheet piling (1999), 76 p EN 12699: Displacement piles (2001), 45 p EN 12715: Grouting (2000), 49 p EN 12716: Jet-grouting (2001), 36 p EN 14199: Micropiling (2005), 45 p EN 14475: Reinforcement of fills (2007), 49 prEN 14490 : Soil Nailing (2010) EN 14679: Deep mixing (2005), 49 p EN 14731: Deep vibration (2006), 22 p EN 15237: Deep vertical drainage(2007), 52 p Execution of geotechnical works – TC 288 (April 2010)

29. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 29 Standards (4) – Short title (date of publication) EN ISO 14688-1:Identification of soils (2002-08) EN ISO 14688-2:Classification of soils (2004-07) EN ISO 14689-1:Identification of rock (2003-12) EN ISO 22475-1 : Sampling - principles (2006-9) Technical specifications (12) TS 22475-2 : Sampling - qualification criteria (2006-9) TS 22475-3 : Sampling – conformity assessment (2007-12) TS 17892-1 to 12 (2004-11) to be replaced by ENs: Water content, Density of fine grained soils, Density of solid particles, Particle size distribution, Oedometer test, Fall cone test, Unconfined compression test, Unconsolidated triaxial test, Consolidated triaxial test, Direct shear test, Permeability test, Atterberg Limits TC 341 Investigation and laboratory testing - TC 341

30. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 30 Published standards (4) – Short title (date of publication) EN ISO 22476-2: Dynamic probing (2005-01) EN ISO 22476-3: Standard penetration test (2005-01) Published technical specifications (2) TS 22476-10 :Weight sounding test (2005-05) TS 22476-11 :Flat dilatometer test (2005-05) DP DMT WST SPT TC 341 Field (in situ) testing - TC 341

31. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 31 Conclusions - a tool to help European geotechnical engineers speak the same language - a necessary tool for the dialogue between geotechnical engineers and structural engineers Eurocode 7 Eurocode 7 helps promoting research - it stimulates questions on present geotechnical practice from ground investigation to design models Eurocode 7 is :

32. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 32 and to really conclude : It should be considered that knowledge of the ground conditions depends on the extent and quality of the geotechnical investigations. Such knowledge and the control of workmanship are usually more significant to fulfilling the fundamental requirements than is precision in the calculation models and partial factors.

33. R Frank- General presentation of Eurocode 7, TAIEX & Moscow State Constr U Workshop, 9-10 Dec 2010 33 Thank you for your attention ! Acknowledgments : and Ministry of Regional Development of Russian Federation Russian Academy of Construction and Architecture Moscow State Construction University Design Buro "Spetsproekt" Ltd