2. AP Biology  BR: Explain the connection between the cardiovascular system and…  Respiratory System  Digestive System  Excretory System  Objectives  Students will explain the internal transport system in animals  HW

3. AP Biology December 13, 2011  BR:  Why would the heart rate increase during physical activity?  Objectives  Students will explain the internal transport system in animals  HW  Chp 36 notes

4. AP Biology 2008-2009 Circulatory Systems

5. AP Biology

6. Exchange of materials  Animal cells exchange material across their cell membrane  fuels for energy  nutrients  oxygen  waste (urea, CO 2 )  If you are a 1-cell organism that’s easy!  diffusion  If you are many-celled that’s harder

7. AP Biology Overcoming limitations of diffusion O2O2 CHO aa CH CO 2 NH 3 aa O2O2 CH aa CO 2 NH 3 O2O2 aa CH aa CHO O2O2  Diffusion is not adequate for moving material across more than 1-cell barrier

8. AP Biology In circulation…  What needs to be transported  nutrients & fuels  from digestive system  respiratory gases  O 2 & CO 2 from & to gas exchange systems: lungs, gills  intracellular waste  waste products from cells  water, salts, nitrogenous wastes (urea)  protective agents  immune defenses  white blood cells & antibodies  blood clotting agents  regulatory molecules  hormones

9. AP Biology Circulatory systems  All animals have:  circulatory fluid = “blood”  tubes = blood vessels  muscular pump = heart openclosed hemolymphblood

10. AP Biology Open circulatory system  Taxonomy  invertebrates  insects, arthropods, mollusks  Structure  no separation between blood & interstitial fluid  hemolymph

11. AP Biology Closed circulatory system  Taxonomy  invertebrates  earthworms, squid, octopuses  vertebrates  Structure  blood confined to vessels & separate from interstitial fluid  1 or more hearts  large vessels to smaller vessels  material diffuses between blood vessels & interstitial fluid closed system = higher pressures

12. AP Biology Learning Check  List several advantages and disadvantages of open and closed circulatory systems

13. AP Biology Vertebrate circulatory system  Adaptations in closed system  number of heart chambers differs 4 chamber heart is double pump = separates oxygen-rich & oxygen-poor blood; maintains high pressure What’s the adaptive value of a 4 chamber heart? 234 low pressure to body low O 2 to body high pressure & high O 2 to body

14. AP Biology Evolution of vertebrate circulatory system fishamphibianreptilesbirds & mammals AA V V VV V AAAA A V 2 chamber3 chamber 4 chamber

15. AP Biology Evolution of 4-chambered heart convergent evolution  Selective forces  increase body size  protection from predation  bigger body = bigger stomach for herbivores  endothermy  can colonize more habitats  flight  decrease predation & increase prey capture  Effect of higher metabolic rate  greater need for energy, fuels, O 2, waste removal  endothermic animals need 10x energy  need to deliver 10x fuel & O 2 to cells

16. AP Biology Vertebrate cardiovascular system  Chambered heart  atrium = receive blood  ventricle = pump blood out  Blood vessels  arteries = carry blood away from heart  arterioles  veins = return blood to heart  venules  capillaries = thin wall, exchange / diffusion  capillary beds = networks of capillaries

17. AP Biology Mammalian heart Coronary arteries to neck & head & arms

18. AP Biology Coronary arteries bypass surgery

19. AP Biology AV SL AV Heart valves  4 valves in the heart  flaps of connective tissue  prevent backflow  Atrioventricular (AV) valve  between atrium & ventricle  keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles contract  “lub”  Semilunar valves  between ventricle & arteries  prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles while they are relaxing  “dub”

20. AP Biology AV SL AV Lub-dub, lub-dub  Heart sounds Heart sounds  closing of valves  “Lub”  recoil of blood against closed AV valves  “Dub”  recoil of blood against semilunar valves  Heart murmur  defect in valves causes hissing sound when stream of blood squirts backward through valve

21. AP Biology Learning Check  Explain how defective valves in the heart can lead to altered cardiovascular function

22. AP Biology Cardiac cycle systolic ________ diastolic pump (peak pressure) _________________ fill (minimum pressure)  1 complete sequence of pumping  heart contracts & pumps  heart relaxes & chambers fill  contraction phase  systole  ventricles pumps blood out  relaxation phase  diastole  atria refill with blood 110 ____ 70

23. AP Biology Measurement of blood pressure  High Blood Pressure (hypertension)  if top number ( systolic pumping) > 150  if bottom number ( diastolic filling) > 90

24. AP Biology Mammalian circulation What do blue vs. red areas represent? pulmonary systemic

25. AP Biology Blood vessels arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins artery arteriolesvenules veins

26. AP Biology Arteries: Built for high pressure pump  Arteries  thicker walls  provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood  narrower diameter  elasticity  elastic recoil helps maintain blood pressure even when heart relaxes

27. AP Biology Veins: Built for low pressure flow  Veins  thinner-walled  wider diameter  blood travels back to heart at low velocity & pressure  lower pressure  distant from heart  blood must flow by skeletal muscle contractions when we move squeeze blood through veins  valves  in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart Open valve Blood flows toward heart Closed valve

28. AP Biology Capillaries: Built for exchange  Capillaries  very thin walls  lack 2 outer wall layers  only endothelium  enhances exchange across capillary  diffusion  exchange between blood & cells

29. AP Biology Controlling blood flow to tissues  Blood flow in capillaries controlled by pre-capillary sphincters  supply varies as blood is needed  after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases  during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive tract to skeletal muscles  capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity sphincters opensphincters closed Why?

30. AP Biology Exchange across capillary walls Arteriole Blood flow Venule Lymphatic capillary Interstitial fluid Fluid & solutes flows out of capillaries to tissues due to blood pressure  “bulk flow” Interstitial fluid flows back into capillaries due to osmosis  plasma proteins  osmotic pressure in capillary BP > OPBP < OP 15% fluid returns via lymph 85% fluid returns to capillaries What about edema? Capillary

31. AP Biology Learning Check  Describe how the structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries are all well suited for their respective functions

32. AP Biology Lymphatic system  Parallel circulatory system  transports white blood cells  defending against infection  collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood  maintains volume & protein concentration of blood  Filters interstitial fluid through lymph nodes  drains into circulatory system near junction of vena cava & right atrium

33. AP Biology Lymph system Production & transport of WBCs Traps foreign invaders lymph node lymph vessels (intertwined amongst blood vessels)

34. AP Biology Learning Check  Explain the connection between the circulatory and lymphatic systems

35. AP Biology December 12, 2011  BR: Explain the variables we are testing in this lab  Ind variable (changing)  Dep variable (measuring)  Control  Objectives  Students will collect data to explain cardiac physiology  HW  Lab Analysis

36. AP Biology Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology Description: study factors that affect heart rate and blood pressure - body position - level of activity

37. AP Biology Lab 10: Circulatory Physiology  Part A: Resting BP  Practice measuring blood pressure and obtain average resting BP  Decide who will be the ONE test subject for the remainder of the lab  Part B: Fitness Test  Test 1- change in BP reclining to standing  Test 2- resting standing pulse  Test 3- resting reclining pulse  Test 4- change in pulse rate reclining to standing  Test 5- recovery rate

38. AP Biology Measuring Pulse  What is a pulse and where do you measure pulse?  Pulse  Pressure wave of blood entering circulation when the ventricles contract  Monitored at “pressure points” in arteries where pulse is easily palpated  Pulse averages 70– 76 beats per minute at rest

39. AP Biology Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure Figure 11.20a

40. AP Biology Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure Figure 11.20c

41. AP Biology March 25, 2011  BR:  Describe how the structure of the heart allows it to function well as a pump  Objectives  Students will explain the internal transport system in animals  Student will conduct a lab to determine function of the cardiovascular system  HW  Quiz Monday- Review notes/ SG chps 40, 41,42, 44, 48, 49  Chp 43 due monday