1. Compaction and Stabilization Equipment
Chapter 5
Compaction and Stabilization Equipment
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 1912 Case steam roller
COMPACTION

3. ROLLERS

4. COMPACTION
The engineering properties of most soils can be improved by compaction.
Compaction is the art of mechanically densifying materials.

5. COMPACTION The engineering properties improved by compaction.
Load bearing capacity
Control of shrinkage and swelling
Reduced permeability

6. COMPACTION Soil gradation Moisture content Compactive effort
The three major factors influencing soil density are:
Soil gradation
Moisture content
Compactive effort

7. COMPACTION SPECIFICATIONS
Must work in the box.
123.5
COMPACTION SPECIFICATIONS

8. COMPACTION Disking to dry the soil.
The amount of water present in a soil mass affects the compaction operations and achievable soil density.
Disking to dry the soil.

9. COMPACTION The most common methods of reducing soil moisture are by
using the scarifying teeth on a grader or by disking.

10. COMPACTION
May have to add water.

11. ADDING WATER But this depends on wind, temperature, and soil type.
Normally, it is good practice to adjust water content to
OMC = 2%.
But this depends on wind, temperature, and soil type.

12. Use the figure:
The OMC is ______?
The Maximum dry density is ______?

13. COMPACTION
OMC is 15%

14. COMPACTION
Maximum dry density 120

15. COMPACTION
Lift. A layer of soil placed on top of soil previously placed in an embankment. The term can be used in reference to material as spread or as compacted.

16. COMPACTION

17. SOIL TYPES
SMALL GRAINED
 #200 MESH SIEVE
COHESIVE
NON-COHESIVE

18. COMPACTION
Effective roller capability soil ranges.

19. COMPACTION Static weight (pressure) Impact (sharp blow)
Densification is accomplished by:
Static weight (pressure)
Impact (sharp blow)

20. COMPACTION Vibration (shaking) Kneading (manipulation)
Densification is accomplished by:
Vibration (shaking)
Kneading (manipulation)

21. STATIC WEIGHT

22. TAMPING FOOT COMPACTOR Static weight & Kneading
Leveling blade

23. PAD CONFIGURATION
Pad foot
Tamping foot

24. TAMPING FOOT COMPACTOR
It is suitable for compacting all fined-grained soils, but is generally not suitable for use
on cohesionless granular soils.

25. TAMPING FOOT COMPACTOR
This roller compacts the soil from the bottom of the lift to the top.
Lift thickness is generally limited to 8 in. compacted depth.

26. TAMPING FOOT COMPACTOR
This type roller does not adequately compact the upper 2 to 3 in. of a lift.
Therefore, for the last lift it should be followed with a pneumatic or smooth-drum roller.

27. TAMPING FOOT COMPACTOR
Working in tandem

28. SHEEPS FOOT ROLLER

29. IMPACTOR

30. PNEUMATIC 4 5

31. PNEUMATIC
Front and rear tire paths overlap.

32. PNEUMATIC
All-wheel oscillation.

33. PNEUMATIC COMPACTOR
Pneumatic-tired (rubber-tired) rollers are suitable for compacting most granular soils.
They are not effective in compacting fine-grained clays.
They compact by static-load and kneading action.

34. HEAVY PNEUMATIC COMPACTOR
Heavy pneumatic rollers are capable of compacting soils to depths up to 18 in.

35. HEAVY PNEUMATIC
50 Ton proof roller

36. VIBRATORY SOIL COMPACTOR
Single smooth drum

37. SINGLE SMOOTH DRUM VIBRATORY COMPACTOR
This roller uses vibratory action in conjunction with ballast weight of the drum to compact.

38. SINGLE SMOOTH DRUM VIBRATORY COMPACTOR
One of the most effective means of attaining density for cohesionless materials.
It is a relatively light roller, therefore maximum loose-lift depth is 9 in.

39. SINGLE PADDED DRUM VIBRATORY COMPACTOR

40. DOUBLE DRUM VIBRATORY COMPACTOR

41. DOUBLE DRUM VIBRATORY COMPACTOR
Use this roller to compact cohesionless subgrade, base courses, wearing surfaces, and asphalt.

42. DOUBLE DRUM VIBRATORY COMPACTOR
Because it compacts from the top down, only relatively shallow lifts (less than 4 inches) can be worked.

43. COMPACTOR SPEEDS Sheepsfoot, crawler towed 3-5 Tamping foot
Speed (MPH)
Sheepsfoot, crawler towed 3-5
Tamping foot
First 3 passes
Walking out
Multitired pneumatic 5-15
Smooth-drum vibratory
Padded-drum vibratory

44. COMPACTION EXERCISE
Scrapers will deliver to the project 600 lcy per hr of fill material (dry clay).
A self-propelled tamping foot roller will be used to compact the fill. (Rolling width is 84 in.)

45. COMPACTION EXERCISE
Test strip compaction information indicates that 14 passes at 3 mph are required to obtain the required density.
The fill material will be placed in 8 inch compacted lifts.

46. COMPACTION EXERCISE
Based on this information determine the number of rollers required to support the scraper operation.

47. COMPACTION EXERCISE STEP 1: COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS
Width of roller = 84 inches
Speed = 3 mph
Compacted lift thickness = 8 in.
Number of passes required = 9

48. COMPACTION EXERCISE STEP 2: PRODUCTION CALCULATION
Equ. 5.1, p. 128
Compacted cubic yards per hr =

49. COMPACTION EXERCISE W is compacted width in feet
Where
W is compacted width in feet
S is average roller speed in MPH
L is compacted lift thickness in inches

50. COMPACTION EXERCISE STEP 2: PRODUCTION CALCULATION
Compacted cubic yards/hr =

51. COMPACTION EXERCISE
STEP 2: PRODUCTION CALCULATION
= 304 ccy/hr

52. COMPACTION EXERCISE STEP 3: EFFICIENCY FACTOR
A 50 min working hour should be possible.
Efficiency Factor of 0.83

53. COMPACTION EXERCISE
STEP 3: EFFICIENCY FACTOR
304 X =
253 ccy/hr

54. COMPACTION EXERCISE STEP 4: COMPACTORS REQUIRED
Until tests are run in the field we do not know the exact conversion from lcy to ccy.

55. COMPACTION EXERCISE STEP 4: COMPACTORS REQUIRED 600 lcy/hr
253 ccy/hr compacted lift thickness 8 in.
Assume a loose lift thickness was 10 in. the conversion factor would be 0.8, then 600 lcy  0.8 = 480 ccy

56. COMPACTION EXERCISE STEP 4: COMPACTORS REQUIRED 600 lcy/hr
253 ccy/hr compacted lift thickness 8 in.
Assume a loose lift thickness was 11 in. the conversion factor would be 0.72,
then 600 lcy  0.72 = 436 ccy

57. 2 compactors are required.
COMPACTION EXERCISE
STEP 4: COMPACTORS REQUIRED
480 / 253 = in. loose lift
436 / 253 = in. loose lift
Therefore at least
2 compactors are required.

58. EXERCISE No. 2
Trucks will deliver 450 lcy per hr of fill material (dry sand) for a road project.
A self-propelled CAT CS-583C roller will be used to compact the fill.

59. EXERCISE No. 2
Using the maximum recommended compaction speed for this type roller it will require 5 passes to compact a 6 in. (compacted depth) lift.
Assume a 50 min-hr efficiency.

60. EXERCISE No. 2 Width of CAT CS-583 roller = 7 feet
STEP 1: COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS
Width of CAT CS-583 roller
= 7 feet
What type of compactor is this?

61. EXERCISE No. 2 Compacting Speed 2 - 4 mph Use 4 mph
STEP 1: COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS
CAT CS-583 roller is a
smooth drum vibratory.
Compacting Speed mph
Use 4 mph

62. EXERCISE No. 2 STEP 1: COMPACTION REQUIREMENTS
Compacted lift thickness = 6 in.
Number of passes required = 5

63. EXERCISE No. 2
STEP 2: PRODUCTION CALCULATION
= 548 ccy

64. EXERCISE No. 2
STEP 3: EFFICIENCY FACTOR
548 X 0.83 =
456 ccy/hr

65. EXERCISE No. 2 STEP 4: COMPACTORS REQUIRED 450 lcy/hr
456 ccy/hr compacted lift thickness 6 in.
Assume a loose lift thickness was 8 in. the conversion factor would be 0.75, then 450 lcy  0.75 = 338 ccy

66. COMPACTION EXERCISE Therefore only 1 compactor is required.
STEP 4: COMPACTORS REQUIRED
338 / 456 = in. loose lift
Therefore only
1 compactor is required.

67. DYNAMIC COMPACTION
Can achieve densification to a depths of about 30 ft using 30 ton weights and 100 ft drop heights.

68. DYNAMIC COMPACTION
This is a
20 ton weight
from 42 feet

69. DYNAMIC COMPACTION
Usually only make contact with about 50% of the actual ground surface being compacted.

70. VIBRATORY PLATE COMPACTOR
For granular soils and asphalt.

71. RAMMER
Also known as a backfill tamper. Self-contained hand operated for use in confined spaces.

72. TRENCH ROLLER

73. WHEEL ATTACHMENT COMPACTORS

74. WHEEL ATTACHMENT COMPACTORS