1. Us???
How did WE form?
The earth…continent…US…NY…Long Island…Atlantic Ocean…Long Island Sound

2. Formation of The Atlantic Coast of North America
Break-up of Pangea (180 mya)
Formation of Atlantic Ocean
Erosion of Appalachian Mountains

3. Figure 1. 13: Earth’s history and future
Figure 1.13: Earth’s history and future. Note that with the exception of the last column, each column indicates an expansion of part of the column to its left.
Fig. 1-18, G

4. PANGEA (the super continent) Formation of The Atlantic Coast of North America
180 million yrs. ago – all continents were attached together and have slowly moved apart over time
Discovered (S. F. Bacon, 1600’s) “Coasts of continents fit together like a puzzle.”
Lead to theory of continental drift and plate tectonics.

5. fnft

6. Pangea
(reptile fossils)
fnft

7. Figure 3.4
Mountain ranges in Scandinavia, Scotland, and North America are now separated by the Atlantic, but are remarkably similar in age and composition. Fossils of the reptile Mesosaurus were found in Argentina and Africa, but nowhere else. The seed fern Glossopteris was found in all the southern land masses. If the continents were once joined, as shown here, these mountain ranges and fossil bands would have formed continuous chains.
Fig. 3-4, G

8. Formation of Long Island
River erosion carving out the coastal plain to form Long Island Sound Basin (<3 mya)
Glaciers reshaped the area (beginning 3 mya)
The last ice advance (Wisconsinan) ended about 21,000 years ago - deposited terminal moraine in middle of Long Island
Recessional moraines (along North Shore) were left as glacier receded

9. Formation of Long Island Sound
Glacial Lake Connecticut, which drained (15,000 years ago)
Sea-level rose and ocean entered Long Island Sound Basin
Sea-level rise slowed and marshes began to develop along the margins of the estuary (5, ,000 years ago)
became what we know as the Long Island Sound

10. The Formation of Glacial-Marine Sediments
Fnft Ice Rafting
Glaciers form land and alter sedimentation

11. fnft

13. Waterbodies of Long Island
East River, Atlantic Ocean
3 South Shore “Bays:” Great South Bay, Moriches & Shinnecock
“Fork Bays:” The Peconics (& others)
Inputs from Rivers (Conn. + LI)
Long Island Sound

14. If time permits
2 “Waterbody” Case Studies
LIS
Shinnecock Bay

15. Long Island Sound Important economically and recreationally
8 million people in watershed, 21 million w/i 50 mile radius “impact area!”
Local residents are the main contributors to the Sound’s degradation
runoff from lawn fertilizing leads to increased nutrients and hypoxia
pathogens enter the food web of the Sound through poor sewage treatment & pet wastes
improper garbage disposal leads to floatable debris

16. Long Island Sound 110 miles long (from East River to the Race)
21 miles wide (Conn. River)
60-300’ deep (thus SHALLOW - average = 65’; Statue of Liberty is 151’!)
temp degrees F
1300 square miles
Estuary with two openings to the ocean
1200 invertebrate and 170 fish species associated (w/ mammals/birds too!)

17. Long Island Sound
Estuary w/ “salt” water from Atlantic Ocean and 90% of “fresh” water from 3 rivers (Thames, Housatonic, Connecticut) w/ remaining 10% from LI Rivers and groundwater/other sources
Semidiurnal tides influence salinity
Local major Carbon dioxide “sponge” on North Shore
Local area of interest: Port Jefferson Harbor

18. Port Jefferson

19. 2009

20. Drowned Meadows 1800’s

21. The Village of Port Jefferson 2009

22. Montauk…the end? (What about the RACE?)

23. The “Race”
(Remember) LIS is 110 miles long (from East River to the Race)
Narrowest, Eastern, water entry pt. from Ocean
Current = 5 knots; thus if you go through at “Fair Tide” (when currents move to right) you can go 4 knots but if you try to head windward you go BACKWARDS 1 knot (that’s how powerful water moves through skinny area)
25 billion gallons/daily funnel through thus 350’ deep (deepest LIS pt.)

24. Local Case Study
Shinnecock Bay

25. Where is Shinnecock Bay?
Shinnecock Bay is located on the South Shore of Long Island, NY (i.e. the “Hamptons” and Quogue).
It is about 75 miles east of New York City
Shinnecock Bay is about 9,000 acres including open water, salt marshes, intertidal flats, and barrier beaches.
This boundary encloses a significant habitat for fish and shellfish, migrating and wintering waterfowl, colonial nesting water birds, beach-nesting birds, migratory shorebirds, raptors, and rare plants

26. Where???

27. High Tide

28. Low Tide

29. Average depths/characteristics
The western portion of the bay are an average depth of about 2 meters (6 feet) or less; the eastern portions of the bay are about 3 meters in depth.
The shallow waters are very highly productive; the most productive areas are the mudflats, and the salt marshes.
The deeper water habitats are mainly composed of eel grass and sandy shoals; the eel grass beds provide an excellent habitat for many species (offering cover and also a nursery for these organisms).

30. The organisms
There are many species in or around Shinnecock Bay that are federally listed as threatened or endangered.
Some of which include:

31. The Piping Plover

32. The Least Tern

33. The Common Tern

34. Sea Beach Amaranth

35. More organisms
Some animals found around Shinnecock Bay which are not endangered or threatened include:

36. The Horseshoe Crab

37. Oyster Catchers

38. Willets

39. The Semipalmated Plover

40. Where does all the water come from?
On the east of the Bay there is an inlet (an inlet can be defined as an indentation of a shoreline, usually long and narrow).
This inlet is connected to the Atlantic Ocean.

41. Where did the inlet come from?
In 1938 there was a large hurricane (Category 3) and the inlet was created by the storm surge.
The storm surge carved out a large section of the barrier island separating Shinnecock Bay from the Atlantic Ocean.

42. June 30th 1938 (before the hurricane), no inlet

43. September 24th 1938 (after the hurricane), large inlet

44. Recent image of the inlet, visible jetties

45. Ponquogue Bridge, Shinnecock Bay
Since Shinnecock Bay is in the Northeast United States, it has semidiurnal tides (two high tides and two low tides each lunar day).
The highest tide at this location is 2.8 feet
The lowest tide is 0 feet

46. The tide takes longer to get to the further parts of the bay
The tide takes longer to get to the further parts of the bay. This is why there are different times of high and low tides for the different locations in the bay.