1. RESULTS & DISCUSSION JURNAL INTERNASIONAL

2. Ecological Engineering 38 (2012) 135– 139 Relationships of light environment to stand attributes in a stand of bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens Akio Inouea, Haruka Tateishi, Kotaro Sakuta, Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Nobuya Mizoue, Fumiaki Kitahara. 3.Results and discussion 3.1. Thinning regimes and light environment Ten successive thinning regimes were performed, so that the thinning ratio by the number of culms for each thinning was approximately 5%. Hence, the cumulative thinning ratio by number of culms after the final thinning was 50.4%. Although there were five dead culms before the first thinning, these culms were removed from the stand by the first thinning. Since the thinned culms were preferentially selected from smaller culms (see Fig. 2), the thinning ratio by number of culms was slightly higher than that by total basal area (see Table 1). The average and coefficient of variation of the sky factor were, respectively, 2.5% and 18.2% before the first thinning and 13.9% and 6.1% after the final thinning, indicating that the light environment became brighter and homogeneous as the thinning regimes progressed.

3. Ecological Engineering 38 (2012) 135– 139 Relationships of light environment to stand attributes in a stand of bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens Akio Inouea, Haruka Tateishi, Kotaro Sakuta, Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Nobuya Mizoue, Fumiaki Kitahara. Fig. 2. Changes in culm diameter distribution with thinning regimes in the Phyllostachys pubescens stand. Perhatikan: 1.Judul gambar 2.Keterangan simbol 3.Sumbu Absis dan satuannya 4.Sumbu ordinat dan satuannya 5.Sekala pada setiap sumbu

4. Ecological Engineering 38 (2012) 135– 139 Relationships of light environment to stand attributes in a stand of bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens Akio Inouea, Haruka Tateishi, Kotaro Sakuta, Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Nobuya Mizoue, Fumiaki Kitahara. Table 1. Changes in stand characteristics with thinning regimes in the Phyllostachys pubescens stand. Perhatikanlah: 1.Judul dan keterangan tabel 2.Judul dan satuan pada setiap kolom 3.Penulisan angka desimal

5. Ecological Engineering 38 (2012) 135– 139 Relationships of light environment to stand attributes in a stand of bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens Akio Inouea, Haruka Tateishi, Kotaro Sakuta, Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Nobuya Mizoue, Fumiaki Kitahara. 3.2. Relationships between light environments and stand attributes Fig. 3 shows the relationships between sky factor and stand attributes. Eq. (1) was well fitted to the relationship between the sky factor, SF, and stand attributes as follows: SF = 55.864 exp (−5.179 × 10−4ρ) (r2 = 0.930, P < 0.01) ……. (2) SF = 65.712 exp (−4.882 × 10−2 G) (r2 = 0.911, P < 0.01) ………. (3) Eqs. (2) and (3) suggest that these attributes could be used to estimate the light environment in a P. pubescens stand. The total basal area requires the measurement of dbh, whereas the culm density can be obtained only by counting. In addition, our result revealed that the coefficient of determination was slightly higher for culm density than the total basal area. These facts show that the culm density will work as a good predictor of the light environment in a P. pubescens stand. Furthermore, Suzaki and Nakatsubo (2001) also reported that the light environment in the P. bambusoides stands is largely determined by the total culm density including dead culms. For these reasons, culm density will be the practical and optimal stand attribute when estimating the light environment in bamboo stands. Once the optimal light level for introducing other plant species and maintaining high plant species diversity in P. pubescens stands is determined, an appropriate culm density could be estimated from the management guideline based in Eq. (2). In this study, the thinned culms were selected from smaller culms, and the difference in the size of thinned culms is ignored when estimating the light environment using Eq. (2). The coefficients in Eq. (2) may vary with the other thinning regimes; the thinned culms were selected from larger culms. For these reasons, there is a need for further studies on the relationship between light environment and stand attributes under the various thinning regimes.

6. Ecological Engineering 38 (2012) 135– 139 Relationships of light environment to stand attributes in a stand of bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens Akio Inouea, Haruka Tateishi, Kotaro Sakuta, Kazukiyo Yamamoto, Nobuya Mizoue, Fumiaki Kitahara. Fig. 3. Relationships between sky factor and stand attributes in the Phyllostachys pubescens stand. The solid lines are fitted by the exponential equation (see Eq. (1)). The error bars show the standard derivation of the sky factor. Perhatikan: 1.Judul gambar 2.Judul sumbu absis dan ordinat 3.Sekala pada setiap sumbu 4.Absis tidak mulai dari nol 5.Garis regresi dan sebaran data 6.Persamaan regresi tidak ditulis di gambar

7. Waste Management 32 (2012) 77–87 Microbial nitrogen transformation potential in surface run-off leachate from a tropical landfill Jubhar C. Mangimbulude, Nico M. van Straalen, Wilfred F.M. Röling. 3. Results Table 1 presents seasonal variation in leachate quality collected in August 2005 (wet season) and January 2006 (dry season) in the natural (S0) and the artificial (S6) ponds. Ammonium concentrations and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) during the dry and wet seasons in S0 were higher than in S6. Acidities of the leachates were relatively similar, while dissolved oxygen (<1.1 mg/l) was only detected during the wet season in S0 and S6. Due to the high chemical leachate background (that is, background concentrations of ammonia in particular), inocula for incubations were prepared from washed pellets obtained after centrifuging the leachates, to avoid the occurrence of nitrogen transforming processes other than the process of interest.

8. Waste Management 32 (2012) 77–87 Microbial nitrogen transformation potential in surface run-off leachate from a tropical landfill Jubhar C. Mangimbulude, Nico M. van Straalen, Wilfred F.M. Röling. Table 1. General chemical properties of leachate in a natural (S0) and artificial concrete (S6) treatment pond at the Jatibarang landfill, Semarang, Indonesia, during two seasons (dry and wet). Means are shown with standard deviations. nd not detectable (<0.1 mg L-1). Perhatikan: 1.Judul tabel 2.Judul kolom-kolom dalam tabel 3.Format tabel, bukan kotak-kotak 4.Penulisan angka, desimal dan notasi dalam tabel

9. Waste Management 32 (2012) 77–87 Microbial nitrogen transformation potential in surface run-off leachate from a tropical landfill Jubhar C. Mangimbulude, Nico M. van Straalen, Wilfred F.M. Röling. 3.1. Arginine mineralization The initial rate of ammonium release from arginine deamination varied to a limited extent between seasons and sampling sites (Table 2). The initial rates of ammoniumrelease were slightly higher in S0 than in S6. The initial rates of aerobic ammonium release were always higher than the rates of anaerobic ammonia release. The initial rates of aerobic ammonium release were not significantly different between seasons. However, the rates of anaerobic ammonium release in samples from dry season (14.28 ±4.88 mg N h-1 L-1 of leachate) was higher than in the wet season (9.71 ± 9.17 mg N h-1 L-1 of leachate). Similar results were obtained with mineralization tests using peptone (data not shown).

10. Waste Management 32 (2012) 77–87 Microbial nitrogen transformation potential in surface run-off leachate from a tropical landfill Jubhar C. Mangimbulude, Nico M. van Straalen, Wilfred F.M. Röling. Table 2. Initial rates of nitrogen transformation process in cultures inoculated with microbial communities from a natural leachate treatment pond (S0) and an artificial concrete pond (S6) at the Jatibarang landfill, Semarang, Indonesia.

11. Waste Management 32 (2012) 77–87 Microbial nitrogen transformation potential in surface run-off leachate from a tropical landfill Jubhar C. Mangimbulude, Nico M. van Straalen, Wilfred F.M. Röling. 3.4. Anaerobic nitrate reduction In anaerobic nitrate reduction tests, the consumption of nitrate and in particular the increase of nitrite was relatively slow for all tested samples, but accelerated after 144 h (Fig. 4A and B). The recovery of nitrate-N in the produced nitrite-N for the incubations containing S0 and S6 inocula was 90% and 91%, respectively for samples in the dry season, and 81% and 79%, respectively, for the wet season samples. Thus, nitrate reduction appeared to stop at nitrite. Therefore, initial rates of anaerobic nitrate reduction were calculated from nitrite production. These rates were not influenced by season (t-test, P > 0.05) (Table 2). The numbers of culturable denitrifying microorganisms were initially almost equal in all cultures, and had increased by four orders of magnitude by the end of the incubation (Table 3), in line with the rapid increase in nitrite concentrations after 144 h (Fig. 4A–D). Five strains were isolated and characterised from incubations inoculated with the S0 dry season sample. The differences in colony morphology and color revealed diversity in the nitrate reducing communities. These isolates did not appear to degrade nitrate beyond nitrite: reduction to nitrite took place during the first 72 h, after that the nitrite concentration in medium remained stable until the end of the incubation (Table 4).

12. Waste Management 32 (2012) 77–87 Microbial nitrogen transformation potential in surface run-off leachate from a tropical landfill Jubhar C. Mangimbulude, Nico M. van Straalen, Wilfred F.M. Röling. Fig. 4. Changes in nitrate (D) and nitrite (d) concentrations in anaerobic nitrate reducing cultures inoculated with leachate from treatment ponds S0 and S6 sampled in the dry season (A and B), and S0 and S6 in the wet season (C and D). Perhatikanlah 1.Kelengkapan gambar 2.Simbol dalam gambar 3.Identitas ordinat 4.…..dll

13. Waste Management 32 (2012) 77–87 Microbial nitrogen transformation potential in surface run-off leachate from a tropical landfill Jubhar C. Mangimbulude, Nico M. van Straalen, Wilfred F.M. Röling. 4. Discussion This study reconfirmed our previous observations on the chemical composition of Jatibarang landfill leachate, and the impact of seasons, (Mangimbulude et al., 2009) in that it contains high ammonium concentrations throughout the year but is low in nitrate and nitrite. For that reason, the leachate would need to be treated appropriately in order to minimise potential ammonium toxicity (Kim et al., 2006; Clément and Merlin, 1995; Ernst et al., 1994). Despite the high ammonium concentrations and previously observed effect of season on chemical composition (Mangimbulude et al., 2009), we observed that the leachate possesses the potential for all microbial nitrogen transformations beyond ammonium and that these potentials were not much affected by seasons. Nitrogen transformation potentials in Jatibarang landfill leachate comprised ammonification, nitrification, anaerobic nitrate reduction, and anammox. 1.Clément, B., Merlin, G., 1995. The contribution of ammonia and alkalinity to landfill leachate toxicity to duckweed. Science of the Total Environment 170, 71–79. 2.Ernst,W.R., Henniger, P., Doe, K.,Wade, S., Jullinen, G., 1994. Characterization of the chemical constituents and toxicity to aquatic organisms of a municipal landfill leachate. Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada 29, 89–101. 3.Kim, D.J., Lee, D.I., Keller, J., 2006. Effect of temperature and free ammonia on nitrification and nitrite accumulation in landfill leachate and analysis of its nitrifying bacterial community by FISH. Bioresources Technology 79, 459–468. 4.Mangimbulude, J.C., Van Breukelen, B.M., Krave, A.S., Van Straalen, N.M., Röling, W.F.M., 2009. Seasonal dynamics in leachate hydrochemistry and natural attenuation in surface run-off water from a tropical landfill. Waste Management 29, 829–838.

14. Environmental Technology. Vol. 31, No. 14, 14 December 2010, 1533–1546 Heavy metals removal from mine runoff using compost bioreactors David Christian, Edmund Wong, Ronald L. Crawford, I. Francis Cheng and Thomas F. Hess. 3. Results 3.1. Physical and chemical parameters in compost bioreactors Samples for analyses of physical and chemical parameters of the influent and effluent entering and leaving the compost packed experimental laboratory bioreactor were collected weekly over the 18 weeks that the experiment was run. The pH and Eh values of the influent ranged between 6.1 to 6.8 and 2 to 170 mV, respectively (Figure 2). Effluent values were relatively stable, with pH values between 7.2 and 8.0, and Eh values consistently −100 mV ± 10 mV, well within the range that would allow for biological sulphate reduction. The initial increase in acidity in the column effluent during the first 3 weeks of the experiment was likely the result of dissolution of organic matter rather than due to sulphate reduction, as there appeared to be a three to four week lag as the microbial population established itself. Likewise, the rapid shift in Eh values of the water as it passed through the column may have been due to microbial utilization of dissolved organic matter in the solution rather than production of alkalinity (Equation 1).

15. Environmental Technology. Vol. 31, No. 14, 14 December 2010, 1533–1546 Heavy metals removal from mine runoff using compost bioreactors David Christian, Edmund Wong, Ronald L. Crawford, I. Francis Cheng and Thomas F. Hess. Figure 2. Influent (●) and effluent ( ❍ ) pH, Eh, and concentrations of SO4=, H2S, and alkalinity of the experimental laboratory bioreactor. Perhatikan: Kelengkapan gambar, Judul gambar, Absis dan ordinat.

16. Environmental Technology. Vol. 31, No. 14, 14 December 2010, 1533–1546 Heavy metals removal from mine runoff using compost bioreactors David Christian, Edmund Wong, Ronald L. Crawford, I. Francis Cheng and Thomas F. Hess. There is evidence of sulphate reduction, from 119 to 12 mg/L, occurring within the ML bioreactor during the year prior to this study, particularly during the summer months in September 2003 (Figure 5). However, an unknown event occurred during the fall of 2003 which caused sulphate reduction to cease (from 111 to 91 mg/L at the start of this study). A dip in influent sulphate concentration and sulphate reduction may be the result of increased flow rate corresponding to the spring runoff period. Alkalinity production concentration followed sulphate concentration.

17. Environmental Technology. Vol. 31, No. 14, 14 December 2010, 1533–1546 Heavy metals removal from mine runoff using compost bioreactors David Christian, Edmund Wong, Ronald L. Crawford, I. Francis Cheng and Thomas F. Hess. Figure 5. Influent (●) and effluent ( ❍ ) concentrations of SO4=, and alkalinity at the ML bioreactor during the months January 2003 through February 2004. Perhatikan: Kelengkapan gambar, Judul gambar, Absis dan ordinat.

18. Environmental Technology. Vol. 31, No. 14, 14 December 2010, 1533–1546 Heavy metals removal from mine runoff using compost bioreactors David Christian, Edmund Wong, Ronald L. Crawford, I. Francis Cheng and Thomas F. Hess. Discussion The extent of metals removal in the ML bioreactor (>90 % except Mn) and the laboratory bioreactor (>90% except Mn and Fe) were similar to those reported by other researchers. Benner et al. [23,24] found >85% reduction of Fe and >95% removal of Ni in a bioreactor treating acid mine drainage that contained high influent concentrations of Fe and SO4= together with low pH. Others also investigating sulphate reducing conditions in bioreactors fed by low pH, high sulphate waters, found moderate Fe removals in field systems [25] or high removals of Zn, Cd, Cu and moderate removals of Mn in laboratory systems [7]. It is not surprising that Mn was not removed in this study’s bioreactors. Manganese is weakly sorbed, prone to competition with Fe, Cu and Zn for adsorption sites, and generally requires a pH above 8 and an excess of H2S in order to precipitate as a carbonate [13]. In addition, Mn is not significantly removed in bioreactor systems where ferrous iron concentrations exceed 1 mg/L [26] as occurred in this study. [7] M.A. Willow and R.R.H. Cohen, pH, dissolved oxygen, and adsorption effects on metal removal in anaerobic bioreactors, J. Environ. Qual. 32 (2003), pp. 1212–1221. [13] C.M. Neculita, G.J. Zagury, and B. Bussiere, Passive treatment of acid mine drainage in bioreactors using sulphate-reducing bacteria: critical review and research needs. J. Environ. Qual. 36 (2007), pp. 1–16. [23] S.G. Benner, D.W. Blowes, W.D. Gould, R.B. Herbert Jr., and C.J. Ptacek, Geochemistry of a permeable reactive barrier for metals and acid mine drainage, Environ. Sci. Technol. 33 (1999), pp. 2793–2799. [24] S.G. Benner, D.W. Blowes, and C.J. Ptacek, A fullscale porous reactive wall for prevention of acid mine drainage, Ground Water Monit. Rem. 17 (1997), pp. 99–107. [25] D.B. Johnson and K.B. Hallberg, Biogeochemistry of the compost bioreactor components of a composite acid mine drainage passive remediation system, Sci. Total Environ. 338 (2005), pp. 81–93. [26] K.B. Hallberg and D.B. Johnson, Biological manganese removal from acid mine drainage in constructed wetlands and prototype bioreactors, Sci. Total Environ. 338 (2005), pp. 115–124.

19. Hydrological Sciences Journal – Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, 55(8) 2010 MAJOR ION CHEMISTRY AND WEATHERING PROCESSES OF THE DANJIANGKOU RESERVOIR, CHINA Siyue Li & Quanfa Zhang RESULTS The chemical compositions of the samples are presented in Table 1. The waters were all mildly alkaline with pH values ranging from 7.64 to 8.85, reflecting the importance of the dissolution of limestone and dolomite in the drainage basin. The EC values varied from 230.7 to 448.0 µS/cm with an average of 292.3 µS/cm. The total cationic charge (TZ+ = K++Na++2Ca2++2Mg2+ in µeq/L) varied between 2102.6 and 4223.3 µeq/L with an average of 2950.8 µeq/L, twice as high as the average of world rivers (TZ+ = 1250 µeq/L; Meybeck, 1981) but comparable to the average values of the Changjiang (2800 µeq/L; Han & Liu, 2004) and Han rivers (2674 µeq/L; Li et al., 2009d). The total anionic charge (T-z = Cl- + 2SO2-4 + HCO-3 in µeq/L) ranged from 2144.9 to 4392.9 µS/cm with an average of 3202 µS/cm. The extent of Tz +– Tz - charge imbalance was characterized by the normalized inorganic charge balance (NICB = (Tz + –Tz- )/Tz+), and related to the contribution of other cations, and indicated the small contribution of organic ligands to the charge balance. 1.Han, G. & Liu, C. (2004) Water geochemistry controlled by carbonate dissolution: a study of the river waters draining karst dominated terrain, Guizhou Province, China. Chem. Geol. 204, 1–21. 2.Meybeck, M. (1981) Pathways of major elements from land to ocean through rivers. In: River Inputs to Ocean Systems (J. M. Martin, J. D. Burton and D. Eisma, eds) New York: United Nations Press, 18–30. 3.Li, S., Xu, Z.,Wang, H.,Wang, J. & Zhang, Q. (2009d) Geochemistry of the upper Han River basin, China. 3: anthropogenic inputs and chemical weathering to the dissolved load. Chem. Geol. 264, 89–95.

20. Hydrological Sciences Journal – Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, 55(8) 2010 MAJOR ION CHEMISTRY AND WEATHERING PROCESSES OF THE DANJIANGKOU RESERVOIR, CHINA Siyue Li & Quanfa Zhang

21. Hydrological Sciences Journal – Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, 55(8) 2010 MAJOR ION CHEMISTRY AND WEATHERING PROCESSES OF THE DANJIANGKOU RESERVOIR, CHINA Siyue Li & Quanfa Zhang Calcium was the dominant cation, contributing 63–81% to the major cation budget, while Mg contributed 12–25%, and Na+ + K+, 3–12% (Fig. 2). Anion chemistry was dominated by HCO3- constituting 73–81% of the total anions, and 15–25% by Cl- + SO4=. Thus, water composition was dominated by HCO3- and Ca++ (Fig. 2). Generally, the major ion concentrations were in the following order: HCO3- > Ca++ > SO4= >Mg++ > Cl- > Na+ > Si > K+ (Table 1). Overall, waters in the Reservoir were of a Ca2+ and HCO3- type, and had mild alkalinity with an average pH of 8.2 and low dissolved salt concentrations, as indicated by the EC measurements (Table 1).

22. Hydrological Sciences Journal – Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, 55(8) 2010 MAJOR ION CHEMISTRY AND WEATHERING PROCESSES OF THE DANJIANGKOU RESERVOIR, CHINA Siyue Li & Quanfa Zhang Fig. 2 Ternary diagrams showing: (a) cation, and (b) anion compositions of water in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, China.

23. Hydrological Sciences Journal – Journal des Sciences Hydrologiques, 55(8) 2010 MAJOR ION CHEMISTRY AND WEATHERING PROCESSES OF THE DANJIANGKOU RESERVOIR, CHINA Siyue Li & Quanfa Zhang DISCUSSION The Danjiangkou Reservoir collects runoff from the Dan and Han rivers, i.e. a vast area (95 200 km2) with much variability in the landscape and geological setting. Previous studies have reported that the Reservoir’s hydrochemistry is controlled by chemical weathering (Li & Zhang, 2008; Li et al., 2009d). Thus, we ascribed the significant variability in major ion compositions to the different lithology of the two river basins (Table 2). In the Dan River zone, our results indicated a decrease in major ion concentrations along the water flow, which was largely due to dilution in the reservoir. Compared to the Dan River (i.e. DJK1-3) in the reservoir, concentrations of major ions below the dam (i.e. at DJK5) were relatively lower, although higher than those in the Han River (DJK4). This might be attributable to a combination of ion exchange, biological uptake and other complex biogeochemical process (Olias et al., 2006; Li et al., 2009a). 1.Li, S., Cheng, X., Xu, Z., Han, H. & Zhang, Q. (2009a) Spatial and temporal patterns of the water quality in the Danjiangkou Reservoir, China. Hydrol. Sci. J. 54, 124–134. 2.Li, S., Xu, Z.,Wang, H.,Wang, J. & Zhang, Q. (2009d) Geochemistry of the upper Han River basin, China. 3: anthropogenic inputs and chemical weathering to the dissolved load. Chem. Geol. 264, 89–95. 3.264, 89–95. 4.Li, S. & Zhang, Q. (2008) Geochemistry of the upper Han River basin, China, 1: spatial distribution of major ion compositions and their controlling factors. Appl. Geochem. 23, 3535–3544.

24. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning. Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2010, 363–379 Planning for Local and Regional Energy Strategies with the Ecological Footprint MICHAEL NARODOSLAWSKY & GERNOT STOEGLEHNER RESULTS & DISCUSSION Ecological Footprints and Integration of Environmental Issues in Planning and Assessment Processes The integration of environmental issues in planning and assessment processes is controversially discussed in the sustainability debate with many authors pointing at the danger that environmental issues can be outvoted against social, economic and/or human health issues (Dalkmann, 2005; Morrison-Saunders & Fischer, 2006; Pope & Grace, 2006; Stoeglehner & Wegerer, 2006; Therivel et al., 2009). We argue, that only a normative base relying on ‘strong sustainability’ (Mayer, 2008) can prevent outvoting environmental issues under the framework of sustainability, as this is also consistent with our favoured concept of sustain- ability, which is the ‘sustainability egg’ (Figure 2). 1.Dalkmann, H. (2005) Die Integration der Strategischen Umweltpru ¨ fung in Entscheidungsprozesse, UVP-Report, 19(1), pp. 31–34. 2.Mayer, A. L. (2008) Strengths and weaknesses of common sustainability indices for multidimensional systems, Environment International, 34(2), pp. 277–291. 3.Morrison-Saunders, A. & Fischer, T. (2006) What is wrong with EIA and SEA anyway? A skeptic’s perspective on sustainability assessment, Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 8(1), pp. 1–21. 4.Pope, J. & Grace, W. (2006) Sustainability assessment in context: Issues of process, policy and governance, Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 8(3), pp. 373–398. 5.Stoeglehner, G. & Wegerer, G. (2006) The SEA-directive and the SEA-protocol adopted to spatial planning—similarities and differences, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 26(6), pp. 586–599. 6.Therivel, R., Christian, G., Craig, C., Grinham, R., Mackins, D., Smith, J., Sneller, T., Turner, R., Walker, D. & Yamane, M. (2009) Sustainability- focused impact assessment: English experiences, Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 27(2), pp. 155–168.

25. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning. Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2010, 363–379 Planning for Local and Regional Energy Strategies with the Ecological Footprint MICHAEL NARODOSLAWSKY & GERNOT STOEGLEHNER Figure 2. The ‘sustainability egg’.

26. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning. Vol. 12, No. 4, December 2010, 363–379 Planning for Local and Regional Energy Strategies with the Ecological Footprint MICHAEL NARODOSLAWSKY & GERNOT STOEGLEHNER Ecological Footprints, Planning Theory and Social Learning In principle, there are two ways of calculating ecological footprints (Gasparatos et al., 2008): component-based methods and compound methods. The component-based methods are mainly used at the sub-national level, where based on life-cycle assessments, the material and energy flows attached to the consumption or production of goods and services is assessed and summed up to the overall footprint of the respective local or regional population ‘bottom-up’, like in the SPI-method. Compound methods for the national or global level are based on aggregated data sets like input–output analysis and are calculated ‘top-down’ without assessing single consumption or production processes. Therefore, ecological footprints are an operationalization of the rational planning theory, where an assessment of different planning proposals, a science- based exercise, is provided that takes societal objectives into account (Lawrence, 2000; Stoeglehner, 2010) that come from outside the respective planning process (Fischer, 2003). 1.Gasparatos, A., El-Haram, M. & Horner, M. (2008) A critical review of reductionist approaches for assessing the progress towards sustainability, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 28(4–5), pp. 286–311. 2.Fischer, T. (2003) Strategic environmental assessment in post-modern times, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 23(2), pp. 155–170. 3.Lawrence, D. P. (2000) Planning theories and environmental impact assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 20(6), pp. 607–625. 4.Sto ¨glehner, G. (2010) SUP und Strategie—eine Reflexion im Lichte strategischer Umweltprobleme, UVP-Report, 23(5), pp. 262–266.

27. Lake and Reservoir Management, 27:48–60, 2011 Diatoms as indicators of long-term nutrient enrichment in metal-contaminated urban lakes from Sudbury, Ontario Amy E. Tropea, Andrew M. Paterson, Wendel (Bill) Keller3 and John P. Smol Results Core chronologies The 210 Pb profiles from Ramsey, Nepahwin, McFarlane and Richard lakes declined exponentially with sediment depth, suggesting that the cores were undisturbed and reliable chronological profiles were obtained (Fig. 2). There was a high correlation between log unsupported 210Pb activity (dpm/g) and the cumulative dry weight (g/cm2) in the sediment cores from Ramsey (r2 = 0.87), Nepahwin (r2 = 0.81) and Richard (r2 = 0.81) lakes, indicating that the sediment accumulation rates have remained relatively constant through time. Although significant statistically, the correlation was not as strong in McFarlane Lake (r2 = 0.54).

28. Lake and Reservoir Management, 27:48–60, 2011 Diatoms as indicators of long-term nutrient enrichment in metal-contaminated urban lakes from Sudbury, Ontario Amy E. Tropea, Andrew M. Paterson, Wendel (Bill) Keller3 and John P. Smol Figure 2.-Radiometric activities of 210Pb, 214Bi, and 137Cs against core depth for sediment cores extracted from Ramsey (a), Nepahwin (b), McFarlane (c) and Richard (d) lakes in Sudbury, Ontario. Perhatikan kelengkapan gambar yang ada ANGKA, SIMBOL, SEKALA

29. Lake and Reservoir Management, 27:48–60, 2011 Diatoms as indicators of long-term nutrient enrichment in metal-contaminated urban lakes from Sudbury, Ontario Amy E. Tropea, Andrew M. Paterson, Wendel (Bill) Keller3 and John P. Smol DISCUSSION Coinciding with nutrient enrichment, the dominant diatom taxa in Zones 2 and 3 in each of the study lakes (e.g., A. formosa, F. capucina var. rumpens, F. crotonensis, F. nanana, F. tenera, S. minutulus) also seem to be tracking increased lakewater pH (Dixit et al. 2002; Fig. 3–6). The Ph increase is hypothesized to be attributed to increased acid neutralizing capacity due to watershed disturbances (Eilers et al. 1989), algal assimilation and bacterial reduction of NO− 3 (Kelly et al. 1982), and increased base cation export from the watershed due the acidic deposition (Stumm et al. 1987, Pearson et al. 2002a). The pH of alkaline lakes has also been shown to increase with acidic deposition in other paleolimnological investigations from Sudbury (Dixit SS et al. 1992, Dixit et al. 1996) and the Adirondacks (Cumming et al. 1992), as well as in modeling studies from the Adirondacks (Sullivan et al. 1990). Unfortunately, monitoring data do not extend back far enough to verify this trend in Ramsey, Nepahwin, McFarlane and Richard lakes; however, a previous paleolimnological study on Ramsey Lake found that the diatom- inferred pH increased from a pre-industrial background of ∼ 6.6 to ∼ 7.0–7.7 by the 1980s (Dixit et al. 1996). 1.Dixit AS, Dixit SS, Smol JP. 1996. Long-term water quality changes in Ramsey Lakes (Sudbury, Canada) as revealed through paleolimnology. J Environ SciHealth. 31:941–956. 2.Dixit SS,DixitAS, Smol JP. 2002.Diatomand chrysophyte transfer functions and inferences of post-industrial acidification and recent recovery trends in Killarney lakes (Ontario, Canada). J Paleolimnol. 27:79–96. 3.Dst…………