1. Government Ch. 10 1. People who work for government organizations are called bureaucrats or civil servants.

2. Sec 1 2. When Thomas Jefferson became president in 1801, the federal gov’t employed 2,120 people. Today, nearly 3 million civilians work for the federal government. 3. President Washington’s first acts in 1789 was to ask Congress to create the Depts of Treasury, State, & War. Since 1789, 11 new departments have been created.

3. Sec 1 4. A secretary heads each of the depts. The deputy secretary or under secretary is second in command. 5. The secretary of state is one of the president’s most trusted advisers. This dept. is responsible for the overall foreign policy of the US. It staffs embassies, or offices of ambassadors in foreign countries.

4. Sec 1 6. Dept. of the Treasury- manages the monetary resources of the US. This dept. oversees the IRS (Internal Revenue Service). 7. The Dept. of the Interior protects public lands and natural resources, and it also oversees relations with Native Americans. It was established in 1849. 8. Dept. of Agriculture – created to help farmers improve their income & expand their markets. Also, provides financial credit to farmers.

5. Sec 1 9. Dept. of Justice – oversees the nation’s legal affairs. Created in 1870. Among its well known agencies is the FBI, US Marshals Service, & the DEA. 10. Dept of Commerce – promotes & protects the industrial and commercial segments of the American economy, founded in 1903. 11. Dept. of Labor – created in 1913; protects American workers –provides safe working conditions, minimum wage, & pension rights.

6. Sec 1 12. Dept. of Defense – first called the Dept. of War; it protects the nation’s security. 13. Dept. of Health & Human Services – has been extremely visible since the AIDS outbreak of the 1980s – especially the Public Health Service. 14. Dept. of Housing & Urban Development – preserves the nation’s communities & ensure Americans of equal housing opportunities.

7. Sec 1 15. Dept. of Transportation – regulates all aspects of American transportation needs, policy development, & planning. The Federal Aviation Administration regulates air travel. 16. Dept. of Energy – plans energy policy & researches & develops energy technology. 17. Dept. of Education – coordinates federal assistance programs. What was the largest legislation in the last 10 years?

8. Sec 1 18. Dept. of Veterans Affairs – administers several hospitals as well as educational and other programs that help veterans & their families. 19. Dept. of Homeland Security – created in 2002; it controls the Coast Guard, Border Patrol, & Federal Emergency Management Agency.

9. Sec 1 20. Independent agencies – NASA – National Aeronautics & Space Administration 21. The CIA – Central Intelligence Agency – it gathers information about what is going on in other countries and passes it along to the president. 22. Government corporations are businesses the federal government runs.

10. Sec 1 23. Examples include – TVA, FDIC, and the USPS. 24. Regulatory commissions were created to make rules for large industries and businesses that affect the interests of the public. They decide such questions as who will receive a license to operate a radio station or to build a natural gas pipeline to serve a large city.

11. Sec 1 25. Congress started taking steps to deregulate the power of regulatory agencies. It was a major issue in the 1980s and 1990s. As Republicans pushed for regulatory reform, President Clinton proposed to “reinvent government”. He signed an executive order that required federal regulations to avoid imposing undue economic burdens on businesses w/o assessing their costs and benefits.

12. Sec 2 1. Only 11% of all federal government employees work in Washington D.C. 2. Andrew Jackson fired about 1,000 federal workers and gave their jobs to his own political supporters. The spoils system came to be the phrase that was used for Jackson’s method of appointing federal workers. This describes the practice of victorious politicians rewarding their followers with gov’t jobs.

13. Sec 2 3. President Grant persuaded Congress in 1871 to set up the first Civil Service Commission. It took a tragedy to restart the reform effort. In 1881, President Garfield was shot by Charles Guiteau after being ignored for a job in diplomatic service. 4. President Arthur, along with Congress passed the Pendleton Act. This created the present federal civil service system.

14. Sec 2 5. The civil service system is the principle and practice of gov’t employment on the basis of open, competitive examinations and merit. 6. The Civil Service Commission operated for 95 years. In 1979, it was replaced by the Office of Personnel Management & by the Merit System Protection Board.

15. Sec 2 7. The Hatch Act limits how involved federal government employees can become in elections. This was to prevent a political party from using federal workers in election campaigns. 8. In 1993 Congress revised the act. Now federal employees can’t engage in political activities while on duty, including wearing a campaign button. However off-duty, employees have many more options.

16. Sec 2 9. In each presidential election year, the House or Senate publishes a book known by Washington insiders as the plum book. The word plum stands for political plum – a job the new president may fill. The plum book lists all such jobs.

17. Sec 3 1. The Social Security Act was established the Social Security. The law make it possible for disabled workers to receive payments from the government. 2. The federal bureaucracy has grown & assumed an important role in making public policy. 1) growth of the nation 2) international crises 3) economic problems 4) citizens’ demands 5) the nature of bureaucracy itself

18. Sec 3 3. Client groups are the individuals & groups who work with the agency and are most affected by its decisions. 4. Liaison officers promote good relations with Congress. They keep track of bill moving through Congress that might affect the agency.

19. Sec 3 5. Congress’s power over the bureaucracy is the power of the purse. The nation’s lawmakers control agency’s budget. 6. Injunction an order that will stop a particular action or enforce a rule or regulation. 7. Iron triangle a relationship formed among government agencies, congressional committees, & client groups who work together. 8. The Dept. of Veterans Affairs (VA) provides important services such as hospital care.