1. INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS MOTIVATIONS M. Gams

2. Definition (scientific): Intelligent ststem is a system that learns during its existence. It senses its environment and learns, for each situation, which action permits it to reach its objectives. It continually acts, mentally and externally, and by acting reaches its objectives. To reach its objective it has to select its response. A simple way to select a response is to select one that was favorable in a similar previous situation. Engineering definition: more advanced than current ones.

3. Intelligent systems Engineering, invisible intelligence Practical directions, real-life problems Verified AI methods: rule-based systems, trees, expert systems, fuzzy systems, neural networks, genetic algorithms, hybrid systems Intelligent systems often simulate human bureaucrats, expert systems simulate experts

4. Motivation I Society /human civilization is evolving into more advanced information society: electronic village, informatization, infosphere, electronic services People are expensive (to buy or maintain), computers cheap: computers work 24 hours a day, no vacations, network accessibility is worldwide, only 3% microprocessors in computers, an average car 16 microprocessors, exponential trend (faster, cheaper, more applications) Intelligent systems are more friendly, more flexible than classical systems (not truly intelligent, just a bit more than classical)

5. Motivation II - productivity Productivity increases – more work done with the same stuff or the same with less stuff New services – simple reasoning, learning, adaptation to each single user (on top of faster calculating, fast response time), never frustrated, more constant performance, Improved quality of work Dumb/rigid classical programs, computers / boring, humans non-constant performers Cost/benefit favorable for IS for some tasks - too difficult for classical, not too intelligent

6. Motivation III - benefits General trends – globalization, decreasing governmental spending, employment costs Introduction of IS enables restructuring – new functionality, new regulation; e-government = government over the Internet hard competition- for each workplace, everybody is evaluated constantly, many candidates for important good jobs Science, development, technology – additional advantage (information society = science society?)

7. Motivation IV - bureaucracy Specificity of bureaucratic tasks (information tasks): great number of users, repeating tasks, simple tasks, simple structure of tasks, low level of intelligence needed for typical tasks, mostly predefined Tasks still demand a certain level of understanding, flexibility and reasoning capabilities

8. Motivation V – typical tasks Small improvement – huge benefits US Internal Revenue Service (15 mio letters each year, after introduction of intelligent systems – no. of mistakes/errors from 33% to 10%; elections More user friendly – better ratings Internet is very appropriate for I.s. – always available, everywhere, …

9. Conclusion Intelligent systems apply AI methods and introduce intelligent services IS combine advantages of computer systems (cost, availability) with some human properties (simple engineering intelligence – learning, adapting, reasoning), and achieve better cost/benefit for several tasks Especially appropriate for mundane bureaucratic tasks in information society