1. 10. Coordination and Response 10.1 Nervous control in humans

2. Human Central Nervous System

3. A: …………………………………………………………….. B ……………………………………………………………… C:………………………………………………………………

4. Human Central Nervous System Motor neurons (effectors)Sensory neurons (+ receptor)

5. Human Central Nervous System Relay (intermediate) neurons (connectors) Reflex arc

6. Human Central Nervous System Sensory neuron: …………………………………………………………………….. Relay neuron: …………………………………………………………………….. Motor neuron: ……………………………………………………………………..

7. Reflex Arc

8. Reflex Action Receptor: triggered (stimulus) Sensory neuron: excited (relay neuron: excited) Motor neuron: excited Effector: triggered (response)

9. Reflex Action Receptor: ……………………………………………………. Sensory neuron: …………………………………………. (relay neuron: …………………………………………….. Motor neuron: ……………………………………………. Effector: ………………………………………………………

10. Reflexes

11. Pain SN Spinal cord RN MN Effector muscle Contraction Movement Sound SN Brain MN Effector gland Release of product

12. Muscle Action

13. Biceps and Triceps are antagonistic muscles. Muscles can only contract. To relax (stretch) a muscle, another force is needed. Usually this is achieved by an antagonistic muscle. Sometimes the shape of the muscle (eg ring muscles) or gravity acts as an antagonist. Antagonistic muscles are essential for controlled movement.

14. Sense Organs Receptor (cells) change stimulus into an electrical impulse to be carried by a sensory neuron to the CNS (areas of the brain). Here the impulse is translated into a sensation.

15. Sense Organs

16. Sense organStimulusReceptor cellsBrain centreResult Eye Ear Nose Skin Tongue

17. Eye

18. Ear

19. Nose

20. Skin

21. Tongue

22. Structure of the Eye

23. Conjuctiva Cornea Iris Pupil Lens Ciliary muscle Suspensory ligament

24. Structure of the Eye Conjuctiva …………………………………………………. Cornea ………………………………………………………. Iris …………………………………………………………….. Pupil …………………………………………………………. Lens ………………………………………………………….. Ciliary muscle ……………………………………………. Suspensory ligament ………………………………….

25. Structure of the Eye Sclera Choroid Retina Fovea Optic nerve

26. Structure of the Eye Sclera …………………………………………………………... Choroid ……………………………………………………….. Retina ………………………………………………………….. Fovea …………………………………………………………… Optic nerve …………………………………………………..

27. Function of the Eye

28. Accomodation

29. Object far away: lens as flat as possible (not accomodated) Object between 6 m and 30 cm: lens gets thicker (rounder), accomodation Object close by: lens as thick as possible (fully accomodated)

30. Accomodation Object far away: ……………………………………………………………………. Object between 6 m and 30 cm: ……………………………………………………………………. Object close by: …………………………………………………………………….

31. Pupil reflex

32. Structure of the Retina

33. Rods: ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… Cones: ……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………