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Table of Contents – pages iv-v

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2 Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 1: What is Biology? Unit 2: Ecology Unit 3: The Life of a Cell Unit 4: Genetics Unit 5: Change Through Time Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Unit 7: Plants Unit 8: Invertebrates Unit 9: Vertebrates Unit 10: The Human Body Table of Contents – pages iv-v

3 Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 1: What is Biology? Chapter 1: Biology: The Study of Life Unit 2: Ecology Chapter 2: Principles of Ecology Chapter 3: Communities and Biomes Chapter 4: Population Biology Chapter 5: Biological Diversity and Conservation Unit 3: The Life of a Cell Chapter 6: The Chemistry of Life Chapter 7: A View of the Cell Chapter 8: Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle Chapter 9: Energy in a Cell Table of Contents – pages iv-v

4 Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 4: Genetics Chapter 10: Mendel and Meiosis Chapter 11: DNA and Genes Chapter 12: Patterns of Heredity and Human Genetics Chapter 13: Genetic Technology Unit 5: Change Through Time Chapter 14: The History of Life Chapter 15: The Theory of Evolution Chapter 16: Primate Evolution Chapter 17: Organizing Life’s Diversity Table of Contents – pages iv-v

5 Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 6: Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi Chapter 18: Viruses and Bacteria Chapter 19: Protists Chapter 20: Fungi Unit 7: Plants Chapter 21: What Is a Plant? Chapter 22: The Diversity of Plants Chapter 23: Plant Structure and Function Chapter 24: Reproduction in Plants Table of Contents – pages iv-v

6 Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 8: Invertebrates Chapter 25: What Is an Animal? Chapter 26: Sponges, Cnidarians, Flatworms, and Roundworms Chapter 27: Mollusks and Segmented Worms Chapter 28: Arthropods Chapter 29: Echinoderms and Invertebrate Chordates Table of Contents – pages iv-v

7 Table of Contents – pages iv-v
Unit 9: Vertebrates Chapter 30: Fishes and Amphibians Chapter 31: Reptiles and Birds Chapter 32: Mammals Chapter 33: Animal Behavior Unit 10: The Human Body Chapter 34: Protection, Support, and Locomotion Chapter 35: The Digestive and Endocrine Systems Chapter 36: The Nervous System Chapter 37: Respiration, Circulation, and Excretion Chapter 38: Reproduction and Development Chapter 39: Immunity from Disease Table of Contents – pages iv-v

8 Ecology Principles of Ecology Communities and Biomes
Population Biology Biological Diversity and Conservation Unit Overview – pages 32-33

9 Chapter Contents – page vii
Chapter 3 Communities and Biomes 3.1: Communities 3.1: Section Check 3.2: Biomes 3.2: Section Check Chapter 3 Summary Chapter 3 Assessment Chapter Contents – page vii

10 You will describe how and why different communities form.
What You’ll Learn You will identify factors that limit the existence of species to certain areas. You will describe how and why different communities form. You will compare and contrast biomes of Earth. Chapter Intro-page 64

11 3.1 Section Objectives – page 65
Identify some common limiting factors. Explain how limiting factors and ranges of tolerance affect distribution of organisms. Sequence the stages of ecological succession. Describe the conditions under which primary and secondary succession take place. 3.1 Section Objectives – page 65

12 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Life in a Community Various combinations of abiotic and biotic factors interact in different places around the world. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

13 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Life in a Community The result is that conditions in one part of the world are suitable for supporting certain forms of life, but not others. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

14 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Limiting factors Factors that affect an organism’s ability to survive in its environment, such as the availability of water and food, predators, and temperature, are called limiting factors. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

15 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Common Limiting Factors Limiting factors A limiting factor is any biotic or abiotic factor that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction, or distribution of organisms. Sunlight Climate Atmospheric gases Temperature Water Nutrients/Food Fire Soil chemistry Space Other organisms Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

16 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Limiting factors Factors that limit one population in a community may also have an indirect effect on another population. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

17 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Ranges of tolerance The ability of an organism to withstand fluctuations in biotic and abiotic environmental factors is known as tolerance. Limits of Tolerance Organisms absent Organisms absent Organisms infrequent Organisms infrequent Greatest number of organisms Zone of Physiological stress Zone of Physiological stress Zone of intolerance Zone of intolerance Population Optimum range Range of tolerance Lower limit Upper limit Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

18 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Succession: Changes over Time Ecologists refer to the orderly, natural changes and species replacements that take place in the communities of an ecosystem as succession. Succession occurs in stages. At each stage, different species of plants and animals may be present. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

19 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Succession: Changes over Time As succession progresses, new organisms move in. Others may die out or move out. There are two types of succession—primary and secondary. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

20 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Primary succession The colonization of barren land by communities of organisms is called primary succession. Primary succession takes place on land where there are no living organisms. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

21 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Primary succession The first species to take hold in an area like this are called pioneer species. An example of pioneer species is a lichen, which is a combination of small organisms. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

22 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Primary succession Decaying lichens, along with bits of sediment in cracks and crevices of rock, make up the first stage of soil development. New soil makes it possible for small weedy plants, small ferns, fungi, and insects to become established. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

23 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Primary succession As these organisms die, more soil builds. Moss Pioneer species Lichen Exposed rock Primary succession Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

24 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Primary succession After some time, primary succession slows down and the community becomes fairly stable, or reaches equilibrium. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

25 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Primary succession A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species is a climax community. Secondary succession Climax community Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

26 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Secondary succession Secondary succession is the sequence of changes that takes place after an existing community is severely disrupted in some way. Secondary succession, however, occurs in areas that previously contained life, and on land that still contains soil. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

27 Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69
Secondary succession Because soil already exists, secondary succession may take less time than primary succession to reach a climax community. Section 3.1 Summary – pages 65-69

28 Question 1 A(n) _____ is something that restricts the existence, numbers, reproduction or distribution of organisms. A. abiotic factor B. biotic factor C. tolerance factor D. limiting factor Section 1 Check

29 Common Limiting Factors
The answer is D. A limiting factor may be a abiotic factor. Tolerance refers to an organism’s ability to withstand fluctuations of environmental factors. Sunlight Climate Atmospheric gases Temperature Water Nutrients/Food Fire Soil chemistry Space Other organisms Section 1 Check

30 Question 2 Which of the following best illustrates primary succession?
A. lichen growing on a lava bed B. wildflowers growing where forest fires had burned C. pine seedlings sprouting D. mature trees growing Section 1 Check

31 The answer is A. Primary succession is the colonization of barren land by pioneer species, such as moss or lichens. Section 1 Check

32 Question 3 What is required in order for secondary succession to occur? Section 1 Check

33 Secondary succession occurs in areas that previously contained life
Secondary succession occurs in areas that previously contained life. Soil must be present on this land, and the species that grow will differ from pioneer species. Section 1 Check

34 Question 4 A stable, mature community that undergoes little or no change in species is a(n) _____. A. photic zone B. primary community C. climax community D. estuary Section 1 Check

35 The answer is C. Even though a climax community is stable, balanced change continues.
Secondary succession Climax community Section 1 Check

36 3.2 Section Objectives – page 70
Compare and contrast the photic and aphotic zones of marine biomes. Identify the major limiting factors affecting distribution of terrestrial biomes. Distinguish among biomes. 3.2 Section Objectives – page 70

37 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
What is a biome? A biome is a large group of ecosystems that share the same type of climax community. There are terrestrial biomes and aquatic biomes, each with organisms adapted to the conditions characteristic of the biome. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

38 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
What is a biome? Biomes located on land are called terrestrial biomes. Oceans, lakes, streams, ponds, or other bodies of water are aquatic biomes. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

39 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Aquatic Biomes Approximately 75 percent of Earth’s surface is covered with water. Most of that water is salty. Freshwater is confined to rivers, streams, ponds, and most lakes. As a result, aquatic biomes are separated into marine biomes and freshwater biomes. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

40 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Marine biomes Different parts of the ocean differ in biotic and abiotic factors (salinity, depth, availability of light, and temperature) found there. One of the ways ecologists study marine biomes is to make separate observations in shallow, sunlit zones and deeper, unlighted zones. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

41 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Marine biomes The portion of the marine biome that is shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate is called the photic zone. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

42 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Marine biomes Deeper water that never receives sunlight makes up the aphotic zone. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

43 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Estuaries—Mixed waters An estuary is a coastal body of water, partially surrounded by land, in which freshwater and salt water mix. The salinity, or amount of salt, in an estuary ranges between that of seawater and that of freshwater, and depends on how much freshwater the river brings into the estuary. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

44 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Estuaries—Mixed waters Estuaries, may contain salt marsh ecosystems, which are dominated by salt-tolerant smooth cordgrass, salt marsh hay, or eelgrasses. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

45 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
The effects of tides Daily, the gravitational pull of the sun and moon causes the rise and fall of ocean tides. The portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines is called the intertidal zone. Intertidal ecosystems have high levels of sunlight, nutrients, and oxygen. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

46 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
The effects of tides Intertidal zones differ in rockiness and wave action. If the shore is rocky, waves constantly threaten to wash organisms into deeper water. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

47 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
The effects of tides If the shore is sandy, wave action keeps the bottom in constant motion. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

48 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
In the light The photic zone of the marine biome includes the vast expanse of open ocean that covers most of Earth’s surface. Most of the organisms that live in the marine biome are plankton. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

49 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
In the light Plankton are small organisms that drift and float in the waters of the photic zone. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

50 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
In the light Plankton are important because they form the base of all aquatic food chains. Baleen whales and whale sharks, some of the largest organisms that have ever lived, consume vast amounts of plankton. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

51 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Freshwater biomes Although the summer sun heats the surface of a lake the water a few feet below the surface remains cold. These temperature variations within a lake are an abiotic factor that limits the kinds of organisms that can survive in deep lakes. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

52 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Freshwater biomes Another abiotic factor that limits life in deep lakes is light. Greatest Greatest species diversity Warmer layer Oxygen and light penetration Colder layer Least Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

53 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Other aquatic biomes Other places where land and water meet are called wetlands, but there are several different kinds of wetlands. Swamps have trees. Marshes do not, but both usually have water flowing through them. Other wetland areas, called bogs, get their water supply from rain. Water does not flow through bogs. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

54 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Terrestrial Biomes: Latitude and climate Latitude describes your position in degrees north and south of the equator. North pole Sun’s rays 66.5o 23.5o o Sun’s rays O Equator 23.5o Sun’s rays 66.5o South pole Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

55 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Terrestrial Biomes: Latitude and climate At different latitudes, the sun strikes Earth differently. North pole Sun’s rays 66.5o 23.5o o Sun’s rays O Equator 23.5o Sun’s rays 66.5o South pole Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

56 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Terrestrial Biomes: Latitude and climate As a result, the climate—wind, cloud cover, temperature, humidity and precipitation in that area—are different. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

57 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Terrestrial Biomes: Latitude and climate Annual Precipitation vs. Temperature for Various Biomes Latitude and climate are abiotic factors that affect what plants and animals will survive in a given area. Annual precipitation (cm) 400 Tropical rain forest 300 Temperate rain forest Tropical seasonal forest 200 Temperate forest 100 Woodland Savanna Taiga Grassland Tundra Shrubland Desert -10 10 20 30 Average temperature (oC) Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

58 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life on the tundra The tundra is a treeless land with long summer days and short periods of winter sunlight. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

59 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life on the tundra Because of its latitude, temperatures in the tundra never rise above freezing for long, and only the topmost layer of soil thaws during the summer. Underneath this top layer is a layer of permanently frozen ground called permafrost. The soil is lacking in nutrients. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

60 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life on the tundra Lack of nutrients limits the types of organisms the tundra can support. The short growing season limits the type of plants found in this biome to grasses, dwarf shrubs, and cushion plants. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

61 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life on the tundra Hordes of mosquitoes and black-flies are some of the most common tundra insects during the short summer. The tundra also is home to a variety of small mammals, including ratlike lemmings, weasels, arctic foxes, snowshoe hares, and even birds such as snowy owls and hawks. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

62 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life on the tundra Musk oxen, caribou and reindeer are among the few large animals that migrate into the area and graze during the summer months. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

63 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life on the taiga Just south of the tundra lies another biome that circles the north pole. The taiga (TI guh) also is called the boreal or northern coniferous forest. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

64 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life on the taiga Common trees are larch, fir, hemlock, and spruce trees. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

65 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life on the taiga Because of their latitude, taiga communities usually are somewhat warmer and wetter than tundra. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

66 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life on the taiga However, the prevailing climatic conditions are still harsh, with long, severe winters and short, mild summers. The topsoil, which develops slowly from decaying coniferous needles, is acidic and poor in minerals. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

67 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life on the taiga More large species of animals are found in the taiga as compared with the tundra. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

68 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the desert The driest biome is the desert biome. A desert is an arid region with sparse to almost nonexistent plant life. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

69 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the desert Deserts usually get less than 25 cm of precipitation annually. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

70 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the desert With rainfall as the major limiting factor, vegetation in deserts varies greatly. The driest deserts are drifting sand dunes. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

71 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the desert Many desert plants are annuals that germinate from seed and grow to maturity quickly after sporadic rainfall. The leaves of some desert plants curl up, or even drop off altogether, thus reducing water loss during extremely dry spells. Many desert mammals are small herbivores that remain under cover during the heat of the day, emerging at night to forage on plants. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

72 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the desert Coyotes, hawks, owls and roadrunners are carnivores that feed on the snakes, lizards, and small mammals of the desert. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

73 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the grassland Grasslands are large communities covered with rich soil, grasses, and similar plants. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

74 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the grassland Grasslands, occur principally in climates that experience a dry season, where insufficient water exists to support forests. Grasslands contain few trees per hectare. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

75 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the grassland The soils of grasslands have considerable humus content because many grasses die off each winter, leaving byproducts to decay and build up in the soil. At certain times of the year, many grasslands are populated by herds of grazing animals. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

76 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the grassland Other important prairie animals include jack rabbits, deer, elk, and prairie dogs. Many species of insects, birds, and reptiles, also make their homes in grasslands. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

77 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the temperate forest When precipitation ranges from about 70 to 150 cm annually in the temperate zone, temperate deciduous forests develop. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

78 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the temperate forest Temperate or deciduous forests are dominated by broad-leaved hardwood trees that lose their foliage annually. The soil of temperate forests usually consists of a top layer that is rich in humus and a deeper layer of clay. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

79 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the temperate forest The animals that live in the temperate deciduous forest include squirrels, mice, rabbits, deer, and bears. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

80 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in the temperate forest Many birds, such as bluejays, live in the forest all year long, whereas other birds migrate seasonally. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

81 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in rain forests There are two types of rain forests in the world—the temperate rain forest and the more widely known tropical rain forest. Temperate rain forests are found on the Olympic peninsula in Washington state and in other places throughout the world, such as South America, New Zealand, and Australia. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

82 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in rain forests As their name implies, tropical rain forests have warm temperatures, wet weather, and lush plant growth. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

83 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in rain forests The average temperature is about 250C. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

84 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in rain forests Rain forests receive at least 200 cm of rain annually; some rain forests receive 600 cm. One reason for the large number of niches in rain forests is vertical layering. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

85 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
A Tropical Rain Forest: Canopy The canopy layer, meters high, is a living roof. The tree tops are exposed to rain, sunlight, and strong winds. A few giant trees called emergents pole through the canopy. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

86 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
A Tropical Rain Forest: Canopy Monkeys frequently pass through. Birds, such as scarlet macaws, live on the fruits and nuts of the trees. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

87 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
A Tropical Rain Forest: Understory In the understory, the air is still, humid, and dark. Vines grow from the soil to the canopy. Leaf cutter ants harvest leaves and bring them to the ground. Plants include ferns, broad-leaved shrubs, and dwarf palms. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

88 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
A Tropical Rain Forest: Understory Insects are common in the understory. The limbs of the trees are hung with a thick layer of epiphytes, plants that get most of their moisture from the air. Birds and bats prey upon the insects. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

89 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
A Tropical Rain Forest: Understory Tree frogs are common understory amphibians. Reptiles include chameleons and snakes. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

90 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
A Tropical Rain Forest: Ground The ground layer is a moist forest floor. Leaves and other organic materials decay quickly. Roots spread throughout the top 18 inches of soil There is great competition for nutrients. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

91 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
A Tropical Rain Forest: Ground Mammals living on the ground include rodents and cats, such as the jaguar. Ants, termites, earthworms, bacteria, and fungi live in the soil and quickly decompose organic materials. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

92 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in rain forests Some rain forest plants are important sources of medicinal products and hardwood trees and have provided a source of income for people. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

93 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in rain forests Agricultural land is not common in rain forests. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

94 Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83
Life in rain forests Soils in rain forests do not have substantial amounts of organic matter because leaf matter, which contains nutrients, disappears so quickly. Without organic matter, once rain forest soil is exposed and farmed, it becomes hard, almost brick-like, and nutrient-poor in a matter of a few years. Section 3.2 Summary – pages 70-83

95 Question 1 Groups of ecosystems that reach similar climax communities are ________. A. stable B. biomes C. terrestrial D. populations Section 2 Check

96 The answer is B. There are terrestrial and aquatic biomes, each with organisms adapted to the characteristics of the biome. Section 2 Check

97 Question 2 Explain the difference between the photic and aphotic zones of a marine biome. Section 2 Check

98 Deeper water that never receives sunlight makes up the aphotic zone.
The photic zone is the part of the marine biome that is shallow enough for sunlight to penetrate. Deeper water that never receives sunlight makes up the aphotic zone. Section 2 Check

99 Question 3 Compare an estuary to an intertidal zone. Section 2 Check

100 Estuaries are coastal bodies of water that form where rivers meet oceans, and in which freshwater and salt water mix. Intertidal zones are the portions of ocean shorelines that lie between the high and low tide lines. Section 2 Check

101 Question 4 The floating protists, animal eggs and larvae in the photic zone are known as ________. A. tide pool collections B. foraminiferans C. barnacles D. plankton Section 2 Check

102 The answer is D. Plankton are small organisms that drift in the photic zone and form the base of all aquatic food chains. Section 2 Check

103 Question 5 Describe the oxygen levels at different depths of a freshwater lake. Section 2 Check

104 Shallower waters are exposed to more sunlight, are warmer and contain more oxygen. Deeper layers are colder and contain less oxygen. Section 2 Check

105 Question 6 Which of the following biomes has the lowest annual precipitation? A. tropical rain forest B. taiga C. savanna D. desert Section 2 Check

106 The answer is D. Deserts are the driest biomes.
Section 2 Check

107 Communities Communities, populations, and individual organisms interact in areas where biotic or abiotic factors fall within their range of tolerance. Abiotic or biotic factors that define whether or not an organism can survive are limiting factors. Chapter Summary – 3.1

108 Communities The sequential development of living communities from bare rock is an example of primary succession. Secondary succession occurs when communities are disrupted. Left undisturbed, both primary succession and secondary succession will eventually result in a climax community which can last for hundreds of years. Chapter Summary – 3.1

109 Biomes Biomes are large areas that have characteristic climax communities. Aquatic biomes may be marine or freshwater. Estuaries occur at the boundaries of marine and freshwater biomes. Approximately three-quarters of Earth’s surface is covered by aquatic biomes, and the vast majority of these are marine communities. Chapter Summary – 3.2

110 Biomes Terrestrial biomes include tundra, taiga, desert, grassland, deciduous forest, and temperate and tropical rain forests. Latitude influences the angle at which the sun reaches Earth and is a strong factor in determining what a particular biome is like. Two climatic factors, temperature and precipitation, are major limiting factors for the information of terrestrial biomes. Chapter Summary – 3.2

111 Question 1 Grasslands are another name for which of the following?
A. savannas B. taiga C. tundra D. temperate forest Chapter Assessment

112 The answer is A. Grasslands are also called prairies, steppes, pampas, and savannas.
Chapter Assessment

113 Question 2 Key Monthly temperature range (0C)
Monthly precipitation (cm) Chapter Assessment

114 The answer is C. Because tropical rain forests are near the equator, they have consistently warm temperatures. Key Monthly temperature range (0C) Monthly precipitation (cm) Chapter Assessment

115 Question 3 In which layer of a tropical rain forest are you most likely to find tree frogs? A. canopy B. understory C. ground D. root Chapter Assessment

116 The answer is B. Insects, amphibians and reptiles are commonly found in the understory.
Chapter Assessment

117 Question 4 Describe the importance of bacteria in a healthy ecosystem. Answer Bacteria help decay dead organisms and releases nutrients, recycling them through the food web. Chapter Assessment

118 Question 5 As you travel north from a tropical rain forest, what are some of the variations you would observe? Answer As you travel north, you would observe decreasing average temperatures and drier weather. Biodiversity would decrease. Chapter Assessment

119 Question 6 In which biome would you expect the greatest biomass?
A. tropical rain forest B. temperate deciduous forest C. desert D. taiga Chapter Assessment

120 The answer is A. In tropical rain forests, sunlight, moisture and nutrients are available in abundance. These biomes are the most species-rich places on Earth, and the biomass is high. Chapter Assessment

121 Question 7 In which biome would you expect to find only shallow-rooted grasses and small plants? A. grassland B. deciduous forest C. taiga D. tundra Chapter Assessment

122 The answer is D. Tundra has little topsoil and lacks nutrients.
Chapter Assessment

123 Corbis Digital Stock PhotoDisc Alton Biggs Photo Credits
Chapter Assessment

124 To advance to the next item or next page click on any of the following keys: mouse, space bar, enter, down or forward arrow. Click on this icon to return to the table of contents Click on this icon to return to the previous slide Click on this icon to move to the next slide Click on this icon to open the resources file.

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