1. Capacity Building in Operational Research in low and middle- income countries Anthony Harries International Union against TB and Lung Disease Paris, France [London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]

2. Previous training models Class of 15 – 20 people One week course on methods and data Participants return to countries But…very few publish Why?? – reasons unclear – perhaps no financial support, no writing skills for publishing articles, no mentorship, no time

3. Japan RIT Course: 2001 - 2007 28 participants developed ORP 11 started OR when home 7 collected and analysed data 1 wrote a paper 0 published a paper Ohkado et al, IJTLD 2010, 14: 371-3

4. Union / MSF proposal for a new type of course Purpose: To teach the practical skills for conducting and publishing operational research Approach: Product –oriented [a submitted research paper] Modular approach [3 modules over 10 months] Participants go through whole research process Milestones must be achieved to stay in course Trained participants should become facilitators

5. Three modules – over 10 months Module 1: research questions, protocol development and ethics (5 days) Module 2: Data management and data analysis (5 days) Module 3: Paper writing, peer review and policy implications (5 days)

6. Routine data collected in public health systems or by NGOs Data used for operational research

7. Target Audience Applicants should be implementers (doctors, nurses, paramedical officers, data analysts, M&E officers) No more than 12 participants in total per course. Funded through Union-MSF

8. To be a successful applicant: Defined criteria:- –Engaged in programme work and will return to this work –Supervisors endorsement -time and opportunity for research –Competent in English and computer literate –Have done MPH or equivalent or come strongly recommended –There is a stated and acceptable mentor at country level –Funding for the research can be acquired through other sources Application:- –Submit curriculum vitae plus two references –Complete application form with1/2 page written on programme problem and research question

9. Applications to recent Courses: 2012-2013 2012 Paris course: 109 2012 Luxembourg course: 50 2013 Asian course:123 2013 African course: 100

10. Teaching format Lectures followed by discussions Group work “on the job training” in developing protocols and writing papers with mentors Plenary sessions

11. Milestones for the course Milestone 1: Submission of protocol and Union EAG form within two weeks of completing Module 1 Milestone 2: Submission of EpiData documentation sheet within two weeks of completing Module 2 Milestone 3: Submission of proof of study completion and data collection about 6 weeks before Module 3 Milestone 4: Submission of paper to peer-reviewed journal within 4 weeks of end of Module 3

13. Does the Model work?

14. First Paris Course: 2009-2010 Aug 2009: 12 participants from Africa and Asia developed research protocol April 2010: 11 participants submitted 14 papers to international journals March 2012: 13 papers accepted for publication Second Course: 2010 - 2011 3 participants from first OR Course facilitated on second OR Course

15. Research Training Courses and participants: 2009 - 2013 Research CourseNo. of coursesParticipants enrolled Paris Union-MSF447 Luxembourg MSF-Union224 Hyderabad Union-PHFI110 South Pacific-Union224 Nepal-Regional Asian224 Kenya-Regional African224 TOTAL13153

16. Where do the participants come from? RegionDifferent country representation Africa22 Asia15 Latin America2 South Pacific8 Europe3 TOTAL50

17. Research Projects undertaken in 13 courses Research Project SubjectNumber Tuberculosis / HIV / Diabetes /87 HIV/AIDS23 Maternal and Child Health10 Malaria3 Malnutrition4 Other [smoking, NCD, Cancer, NTDs]32 TOTAL159

18. Outputs from eight completed OR courses Participants starting the course93 Participants finishing the course with all milestones completed 83 (89%) Scientific papers submitted to peer- reviewed journals 92 Papers published or in press by 201369 (75%)

19. Preferences for publication: Open Access Journals: PLOS One; PLOS Medicine BMC Public Health; BMC Medicine; BMC Health Services; BMC Infectious Diseases Public Health Action (PHA)

20. Why an emphasis on papers Quality control standard International Guidelines evidence based Critical way to disseminate knowledge Paper writing makes authors “experts” Credibility

21. Ancient Roman Proverb “Scripta manent, verba volant” “Spoken words fly away Written words remain” “If you do not write about it, it did not happen” Virginia Woolf

22. BUT…… Importantly we go beyond Papers to influence policy and practice

23. Use of pharmacy records for determining retention on ART in South Africa and Malawi 100 years of smoking and population-attributable deaths in India Using Telemedicine to reduce childhood deaths in Somalia Screening Tuberculosis patients for diabetes mellitus in India Reducing maternal mortality through emergency obstetric services in Burundi Caring for victims of sexual violence in Liberia and Kenya

24. Operational Research Alumni Network Web-based organization Annual email follow-up Track how alumni are doing Alumni to assist with facilitation / mentoring Alumni to assist with OR paper reviews Alumni to become Professors of OR! Bissell K et al. Operational research training: the course and beyond. Public Health Action 2012; 2: 92-97

25. Structured Operational Research and Training IniTiative Collaboration between WHO/TDR, Union, MSF, others….. Vision is to build adequate and sustainable national OR capacity to support public health programmes S RT IT Improving health systems through research