1. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Hardware: Input, Processing, and Output Devices Chapter 3

2. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Hardware Components Central processing unit (CPU) Primary storage (main memory; memory) Secondary storage Input devices Output devices

3. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Hardware Components

4. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Hardware Components in Action Step 1: Fetch instruction Step 2: Decode instruction Step 3: Execute the instruction Step 4: Store results

5. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Hardware Components in Action

6. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Processing & Memory Devices

7. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Processing Characteristics and Functions Machine cycle time is measured in: –Microseconds (1 millionth) –Nanoseconds (1 billionth) –Picoseconds (1 trillionth) –MIPS (Millions of Instructions Processed per Second)

8. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Processing Characteristics and Functions Clock speed: electronic pulses affecting machine cycle time –Hertz: one cycle (pulse) per second –Megahertz (MHz): millions of cycles per second –Gigahertz (GHz): billions of cycles per second Microcode: internal, predefined elementary operations in a CPU

9. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Clock Speed

10. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Wordlength and Bus Line Width Bits (Binary Digits): smallest form of data in a computer Word: number of bits that can be processed as a unit Bus lines: electrical paths of data flow

11. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Physical Characteristics of the CPU Digital circuits on chips Electrical current flows through silicon Moore’s Law - transistor density of chips will double every 18 months

12. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Physical Characteristics of the CPU Superconductivity - property of certain metals that allows current to flow with minimal electrical resistance Optical processors - uses light waves instead of electrical current

13. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Moore’s Law

14. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Complex and Reduced Instruction Set Computing Complex instruction set computing (CISC) - places as many microcode instructions into the central processor as possible Reduced instruction set computing (RISC) - involves reducing the number of microcode instructions built into a chip to an essential set of common microcode instructions

15. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Memory Characteristics and Functions

16. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Storage Capacity

17. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Types of Memory

18. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Types of RAM EDO (Extended Data Out) DRAM (Dynamic RAM) SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM)

19. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Types of ROM ROM (read-only memory) PROM (programmable read-only memory) EPROM (erasable programmable read-only memory)

20. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Cache Memory

21. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Multiprocessing Speeds processing by linking hundreds and even thousands of processors to operate at the same time Can coordinate large amounts of data and access them with greater speed

22. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Massively Parallel Processing

23. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Secondary Storage

24. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Secondary Storage Offers the advantages of nonvolatility, greater capacity, and greater economy Access methods, storage capacities, and portability required are determined by the information system’s objectives

25. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Secondary Storage

26. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Access Methods Sequential: records must be retrieved in order –Devices used are called sequential access storage devices (SASD) Direct: records can be retrieved in any order –Devices used are called direct access storage devices (DASDs)

27. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Devices Magnetic tapes Magnetic disks RAID Storage area networks (SAN) Optical disks Magneto-optical (MO) disks Digital versatile disks (DVDs)

28. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Types of Secondary Storage

29. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Magnetic Disks

30. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Storage Area Network

31. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Digital Versatile Disk

32. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Additional Devices and Media Memory cards Flash memory Expandable storage

33. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Expandable Storage

34. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Comparison of Secondary Storage Devices

35. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Characteristics and Functionality Data - can be human or machine readable Data entry - converts human readable data into machine-readable form Data input - transfers machine-readable data into the system Source data automation - capturing and editing data at its source

36. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Input and Output Devices

37. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Input Devices Personal computer input devices –Keyboard –Mouse Voice-recognition devices Digital cameras Terminals

38. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Digital Computer Cameras

39. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) Device

40. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Output Devices Display monitors Printers and plotters Music devices Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) –Active matrix –Passive matrix

41. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Printers

42. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Computer System Types

43. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Computer System Types

44. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Standards

45. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Standards

46. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Selecting and Upgrading Computer Systems Hard drive considerations Main memory considerations Printer considerations

47. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Price List

48. Principles of Information Systems, Sixth Edition Summary Hardware - includes any machinery that assists with the input, processing, and output activities of a CBIS Processing speed - often measured by the time it takes to complete one machine cycle Primary storage (memory) - provides working storage for program instructions and data Common forms of secondary storage - magnetic tape, magnetic disk, compact disk, digital video disk, and optical disk storage