1. Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

2. Terrorism From the Left and Right
Chapter 7
Violent Ideologies
Terrorism From the Left and Right

3. The Classical Ideological Continuum
From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe
Fringe-left: Extreme, often violent, interpretation of Marxist or other leftist ideologies.
Far-left: Radical interpretations of Marxist or other leftist ideologies that are usually non-violent.
Liberalism: Policy agenda promoting people’s rights. Expectation of positive government role.
Moderate center: Usually largest segment in democracies.

4. The Classical Ideological Continuum (continued)
From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe
Moderate center: Usually largest segment in democracies.
Conservatism: Traditional distrust of change or government intervention.
Far-right: Strong adherence to social order and tradition.
Fringe-right: Uncompromising, often violent, belief in ethnonationalist or religious superiority.

5. The Classical Ideological Continuum (continued)

6. The Classical Ideological Continuum (continued)
Ideologies and Ideals
Ideologies: Systems of belief.
Anarchism: Minimal central governmental control.
Propaganda by the deed.
Marxism: Class warfare leading to a communist dictatorship of the proletariat.
Fascism: Strong antidemocratic, anti-Communist belief in law and order.
Often ethnocentric and militaristic.

7. A Comparison of Ideologies

8. Left-Wing Ideologies and Ideals
Class Struggle
Orthodox Marxism.
Relationship to the “means of production.”
Goal: Dictatorship of the proletariat.
Leftist Nationalism
Selective application of Marxist theory.
Rooted in Cold War rivalries.
Wars of national liberation.

9. Left-Wing Ideologies and Ideals (continued)
Special-Interest Extremism
Single-issue terrorism.
Cases: Environmentalism. Peace movements.
Problems on the Radical Left
Marxist revolutions occurred in the developing world.
Infighting about the revolutionary party.
Soviet versus developing world Communism.
Working classes in the West never acquired a revolutionary consciousness.

10. The Industrial Age Class Pyramid

11. The Terrorist Left Case: Latin America Colombia Peru Argentina FARC
National Liberation Army
Peru
Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)
Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)
Argentina
Montoneros

12. The Terrorist Left (continued)
Case: Europe
Italy
The Red Brigade
Years of Lead
Germany
Red Army Faction
June 2nd Movement
Northern Ireland
Provisional Irish Republican Army
Irish National Liberation Army

13. Leftist Terrorism in Latin America

14. Leftist Terrorism in Europe

15. Right-Wing Activism and Extremism
Political Parties and Dissident Movements
Reflect the distinctive features of national environments.
Neofascist political parties in Europe and Latin America.
Unorganized or partly organized dissident movements.
Tradition and Order
Defenders of a supreme principle such as a “new order.”
Scapegoating enemy groups.

16. Right-Wing Activism and Extremism (continued)
Right-Wing Nationalism
Notion of a superior national group or race.
Loyalty to the superior group.
Subordination of inferior groups.
Religion and Mysticism
Not universal traits on the reactionary right.
Common in America.
Less common in Europe or Latin America.

17. Scapegoats of the Reactionary Right

18. The Terrorist Right Case: Europe Germany Italy Turkey Northern Ireland
Usually street-level confrontations.
Italy
Random attacks by small fascist-leaning groups.
Turkey
Grey Wolves.
Northern Ireland
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)

19. Violent Ideologies in the New Era
The “New Terrorism”
Difficult to classify as “left” or “right” terrorism.
The Terrorist Left in the New Era
Defeat of the urban guerrillas.
A few remaining “rebels in the hills.”
Some grass-roots neo-anarchist activism.
The Terrorist Right in the New Era
Continued scapegoating.
Rightist ractions to unpopular agendas.