1. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 0 ILC vertex detector R&D: optimising the detector design for physics Sonja Hillert (Oxford) Elementary Particle Physics Seminar Oxford, 6 November 2007

2. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 1 Outline of this talk  Role of the vertex detector for extracting ILC physics  Measuring quark charge: vertex charge and charge dipole procedure  Sensitivity of vertex charge reconstruction to detector design: fast MC results  LCFI Vertex Package: software tools for full MC studies  Optimising the vertex detector design  Recent results of LCFI vertex detector R&D on sensors & mechanical support

3. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 2 Typical event processing at the ILC reconstruction of tracks, CAL-cells energy flow objects first order jet finding b-jets c-jets uds-jets gluon-jets tune track-jet association for tracks from SV or TV contained in neighbouring jet associate with parent jet in some cases classify B as charged or neutral classify D as charged or neutral charged B charged D neutral B neutral D charge dipole, protons, charged kaons or leptons from SV, TV charged kaons or leptons b bbar b c cbar c bbar flavour identification

4. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 3 Dependence of physics reach on detector performance  Flavour tag needed for event selection and reduction of combinatoric backgrounds  Quark charge sign determination used for measurement of A LR, angular correlations (  top polarisation) – vertex detector performance crucial  Examples: Higgs branching ratios: classical example of a process relying on flavour tag e+e-  ZHH : 4 b-jets in final state requiring excellent tagging performance; could profit from quark charge sign selection M. Battaglia

5. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 4 Processes requiring quark sign selection: e+e-  b bbar  e+e-  bb: indirect sensitivity to new physics, such as extra spatial dimensions, leptoquarks, Z´, R-parity violating scalar particles (Riemann, LC-TH-2001-007, Hewett PRL 82 (1999) 4765); quark charge sign selection to large cos  needed to unfold cross section and measure A LR : without quark sign selectionwith perfect quark sign selection Sensitivity to deviations of extra-dimensions model from SM predicition (S. Riemann):

6. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 5 b e+e+ e-e- t t W W+W+ b e.g. c q’ s q q e.g. s c a typical e + e -  t t event  e+e-  tt demanding for vertex detector: multijet event: final state likely to include soft jets some of which at large polar angle flavour tag needed to reconstruct the W bosons and top-quarks quark charge sign selection will help to reduce combinatoric backgrounds top decays before it can hadronise: polarisation of top quark can be measured from polarisation of its decay products; best measured from angular distribution of s-jet (quark charge) Processes requiring quark sign selection: e+e-  t tbar

7. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 6 Requirements To measure quark charge efficiently one needs:  an excellent vertex detector: pixel-based system few micron point resolution (< 5  m) small inner layer radius (~ 15 mm) good polar angle coverage low mass support structure (<= 0.1 % X 0 ) mechanical stability  appropriate high-level reconstruction software, e.g.: topological vertex finding flavour tagging vertex charge reconstruction (charged hadrons) charge dipole reconstruction (neutral B hadrons)

8. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 7 Vertex charge reconstruction  b-jets contain a complex decay chain, from which the charge has to be found  in the 40% of cases where b quark hadronises to charged B-hadron, quark sign can be determined by vertex charge  need to find all stable tracks from B decay chain: define seed axis cut on L/D (normalised distance between IP and projection of track POCA onto seed axis) tracks that form vertices other than IP are assigned regardless of their L/D  need vertex finding as prerequisite (definition of seed axis)  in most analyses, only calculate charge for jet of specific flavour: need flavour tagging  probability of mis-reconstructing vertex charge is small for both charged and neutral cases

9. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 8 Charge dipole procedure SLD, NIM A 447 (2000) 90-99  For some neutral vertices, quark charge can be obtained from the charge dipole formed by B- and D-decay vertex.  “ghost track” vertexing algorithm (aka ZVKIN) developed at SLD, was shown to yield higher purity for charge dipole than standard ZVTOP code (ZVRES, cf p12)  advantage: one-prong vertices identified by vertex finder  increased efficiency, especially at short B decay lengths  at ILC, charge dipole procedure still to be explored

10. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 9 Performance of charge reconstruction: leakage rates  define leakage rate 0 as probability of reconstructing neutral hadron as charged  performance strongly depends on low momentum tracks: largest sensitivity to detector design for low jet energy, large cos  preliminary results from fast MC study (SGV)

11. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 10 250 mm 15 mm 60 mm 100 mm 8 mm 25 mm e+e- BEAM Using vertex charge for detector optimisation preliminary results from fast MC study (SGV)  Using fast MC SGV, studied dependence of leakage rate on vertex detector design: compared detectors with different inner layer radii (  beam pipe radii) varied amount of material per detector layer (factor 4 compared to baseline)  translated into integrated luminosity required to obtain physics results of same significance for processes requiring independent quark charge measurement in 2 jets, increase of beam pipe from 15 to 25 mm has sizeable effect (factor 1.5 – 2)

12. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 11 The LCFI Vertex Package  The LCFIVertex package provides, in a full MC and reconstruction framework: vertex finder ZVTOP with branches ZVRES and ZVKIN (new in ILC environment) flavour tagging based on neural net approach (algorithm: R. Hawkings, LC-PHSM-2000-021); includes full neural net package; flexible to allow change of inputs, network architecture quark charge determination, currently only for jets with a charged ‘heavy flavour hadron’  first version of the code released end of April 2007: code, default flavour tag networks and documentation available from the ILC software portal http://www-flc.desy.de/ilcsoft/ilcsoftware/LCFIVertex  next version planned to be released this Friday : minor corrections, e.g. to vertex charge algorithm; further documentation diagnostic features to check inputs and outputs new vertex fitter based on Kalman filter to improve run-time performance

13. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 12 ZVTOP vertex finder, Pt-corrected mass  two branches: ZVRES and ZVKIN (already mentioned when discussing charge dipole)  The ZVRES algorithm (D. Jackson, NIM A 388 (1997) 247) very general algorithm that can cope with arbitrary multi-prong decay topologies ‘vertex function‘ calculated from Gaussian ´probability tubes´ representing tracks iteratively search 3D-space for maxima of this function and minimise  2 of vertex fit  central for flavour tag: pT-corrected vertex mass this kinematic correction is applied to partly account for undetected neutral particles

14. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 13 Flavour tagging approach  Vertex package provides flavour tag procedure developed by R. Hawkings et al (LC-PHSM-2000-021) as default  number of vertices found determines which NN input variables are used: if secondary vertex found: M Pt, momentum of secondary vertex, and its decay length and decay length significance if only primary vertex found: momentum and impact parameter significance in R-  and z for the two most-significant tracks in the jet in both cases: joint probability in R-  and z (estimator of probability for all tracks to originate from primary vertex)  flexible: permits user to change input variables, architecture and training algorithm of NN b c uds

15. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 14 Flavour tagging performance open: SGV fast MC full: MARLIN, SGV-input c c (b-bkgr) b Identical input events open: SGV fast MC full: MARLIN, SGV-input Identical input events c c (b-bkgr) b b c open: BRAHMS, LC-note full: MARLIN (Mokka), Si-only track cheater open: BRAHMS, LC-note full: MARLIN (Mokka), Si-only track cheater b c (b-bkgr) c Z-peak 500 GeV

16. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 15 Diagnostic features  plan to make available inputs and outputs for ZVRES & flavour tag (later: vertex charge)  nearly complete: LCFIAIDAPlot – module for flavour tag diagnostics based on AIDA input and output variables of the flavour tag neural nets, separately for b-, c-, light jets graphs of purity vs efficiency and flavour leakage rates (i.e. efficiencies of wrong flavours) vs efficiency separately for the 1-, 2- and 3-vertex case JAS3-macro to plot these easily optionally: raw numbers of jets vs NN-output, AIDA tuple with flavour tag inputs written out example: inputs to flavour tag

17. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 16 New vertex fitter: Kalman filter  Motivation: improve run time performance by replacing the “space-holder” Least-Squares-Minimisation (LSM) fitter of first release  Kalman filter code by S. Gorbunov, I. Kisel interfaced to Vertex Package  successfully tested:  find same flavour tagging performance  as with LSM-fitter  resulting improvement in run time performance: overall run time of Vertex Package is reduced to ~ 25% of the 1 st -release value

18. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 17 Towards a realistic simulation  Current simulations are based on many approximations / oversimplifications. The resulting error on performance is at present unknown and could be sizable, especially when looking at particular regions in jet energy, polar angle (forward region!)  Issues to improve : Vertex detector model: replace model with cylindrical layers by model with barrel staves GEANT4: switched off photon conversions for time being (straightforward to correct) hit reconstruction: using simple Gaussian smearing at present; realistic code exists only for DEPFET sensor technology, not for CPCCDs and ISIS sensors developed by LCFI track selection: K S and  decay tracks suppressed using MC information tracks from hadronic interactions in the detector material discarded using MC info – only works for detector model LDC01Sc (used for code validation) at present current default parameters of the code optimised with fast MC or old BRAHMS (GEANT3) code default flavour tag networks were trained with fast MC

19. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 18 open: hadronic interaction effects full: no hadronic interactions b c (b-bkgr) track cheater (04/07) 500 GeV Examples of impact of simplifications open: photon conversions, uncorrected full: photon conversions off c c (b-bkgr) b track cheater, Z-peak c c b c (b-bkgr) full LDCtracking Z-peak open: VXD geometry with ladders full: VXD geometry with cylinders  effects of simplifications can be sizeable;  note: photon conversions and hadronic interactions in detector material can efficiently be corrected for  currently making initial checks needed for implementing these corrections

20. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 19 Areas of relevance for wider user community:  integration into ALCPG software framework org.lcsim: drivers under development in the US, to be released as soon as possible (N. Graf)  consistent IP treatment, based on per-event-fit in z and on average over N events in R   Vertexing: explore use of ZVKIN branch of ZVTOP for flavour tag and quark charge determination: optimise parameters study performance at the Z-peak and at sqrt(s) = 500 GeV explore how best to combine output with that of ZVRES branch for flavour tag use charge dipole procedure (based on ZVKIN) to study quark charge determination for (subset of) neutral hadrons Further development of the Vertex Package

21. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 20 Areas of relevance for wider user community cont d :  Flavour tagging: explore ways to improve the tagging algorithm, e.g. through use of different input variables and/or different set-up of neural nets that combine these improvements to MPt calculation using calorimeter information, e.g. from high-energy  0 vary network architecture (number of layers & nodes, node transfer function), training algorithm explore new “data mining” and classification approaches (e.g. decision trees, … )  Vertex charge reconstruction: revisit reconstruction algorithm using full MC and reconstruction (optimised with fast MC) Functionality specifically needed for vertex detector optimisation:  Correction procedure for misalignment of the detector and of the sensors will need to be developed, adapted or interfaced (see optimisation of the detector) Improvements and extensions

22. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 21 Optimising the detector design  Simulations serve to estimate performance of benchmark quantities: impact parameter resolution, flavour tag, vertex charge reconstruction reconstruction of physics quantities obtained from study of benchmark physics processes  Vertex detector-related software cannot be developed in isolation: vertexing, flavour tag, vertex charge rec´n performed on a jet-by-jet basis (depends on jet finder) strong dependence on quality of input tracks (i.e. hit and track reconstruction software) physics processes to optimise calorimeter also depend on tagging performance (e.g. ZHH)  Study of benchmark physics processes performed in close collaboration with the two main ILC detector concept study groups: SiD and ILD (formerly GLD / LDC) ILCSC has issued call for Letters of Intent, to be submitted 1 October 2008 These will be followed by more detailed Engineering Design Studies to be completed by 2010

23. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 22 Benchmark Physics Studies  Benchmark physics processes should be typical of ILC physics and sensitive to detector design.  A Physics Benchmark Panel comprising ILC theorists and experimentalists has published a list of recommended processes that will form the baseline for the selection of processes to be studied in the LoI- and engineering design phases.  Following processes were highlighted as most relevant by the experts (hep-ex/0603010): particularly sensitive to vertex detector design

24. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 23 Parameters and aspects of design to be optimised  The Vertex Package, embedded into full MC and reconstruction frameworks, permits the following aspects of the vertex detector design to be optimised: Beam pipe radius Sensor thickness, material amount at the ends of the barrel staves Material amount and type of mechanical support (e.g. RVC, Silicon carbide foams) Overlap of sensors: linked to sensor alignment, tolerances for sensor positions along the beam & perpendicular to it Arrangement of barrel staves Long barrel vs short barrel plus endcap geometry  Study of trade-offs, involving variations of more than one parameter, should be aimed at  Physics simulation results will be only one of the inputs that determine the detector design – the more decisive input may well be provided by what is technically feasible.

25. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 24 LCFI pursuing development of two sensor technologies for ILC vertex detector:  Column Parallel CCD (CPCCD) CPC1 (first CPCCD) CPC2 – second generation, large area device  In-situ Storage Image Sensor (ISIS) proof-of-principle device (ISIS1) effort towards ISIS2 CPC1 CPC2 ISIS1 LCFI sensor development: introduction

26. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 25 “Classic CCD” Readout time  N  M/f out N M N Column Parallel CCD Readout time = N/f out M  Main sensor technology developed by LCFI  Every column has its own amplifier and ADC  Readout time shortened by ~3 orders of magnitude compared to “classic” CCD  All of the image area is clocked, complicated by the large gate capacitance  Optimised for low voltage clocks to reduce power dissipation Column Parallel CCD: principle

27. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 26 ISIS1 Busline-free CPC2 104 mm CPC2-10 CPC2-40 CPC2-70 CPC2 devices  Three device sizes: 10, 40 and 70 mm length (requirement for inner layer device: 100 mm)  Some devices designed to reach high speed (up to 50 MHz operation): 2-level metallisation permits using whole image area as distributed bus line  Charge to voltage conversion can happen on CCD (50% channels) or on readout chip (other 50%)

28. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 27 10 MHz System noise = 75 e- RMS 20 MHz System noise = 110 e- RMS CPC2 test results  short (CPC2-10) device, high-speed design, tested with 55 Fe signal (1620 e-, MIP-like) X-ray hits seen up to 45 MHz: important milestone CPC2 works with clock amplitude down to 1.35 V pp in standalone tests (w/o readout chip, using 2-stage source follower outputs): at 10 MHz achieve noise level of 75 e- RMS (CMOS driver chip) tests continuing

29. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 28  both chips made on 0.25 μm CMOS process (IBM)  front-end amplifiers matched to the CCD outputs  additional test features in CPR2  CPR2 includes data sparsification Bump bond pads Wire/Bump bond pads CPR1 CPR2 Voltage and charge amplifiers 125 channels each Analogue test I/O Digital test I/O 5-bit flash ADCs on 20 μm pitch Cluster finding logic (2  2 kernel) Sparse readout circuitry FIFO Readout chips: CPR1 and CPR2

30. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 29 Readout chips: results Charge outputs inverting (positive signals) Voltage outputs non-inverting (negative signals) CPR1, 1 MHz: Sparsified output Cluster finding with X-ray signals CPR2: sparsification  CPR1: in charge channels expected gain observed, constant over device; in voltage channels gain drops from edge to the centre of the device (not understood)  CPR2: same gain drop in voltage channels as in CPR1, charge channels don’t work; errors in sparsification for cluster distances < 60 – 100 pixels: extensive tests with measured and simulated input led to major re-design of next generation chip CPR2A

31. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 30 Clock driver for CPCCD  Challenge: providing 2 V pp clocks at 50 MHz for CPCCD (capacitance 40 nF / phase): 20 A peak current  Further requirements: low power dissipation must be close to CCD (to reduce parasitic inductance) must not add too much to material budget may have to work at low temperature (down to -100 o C)  2 approaches: transformer (fallback), custom ASIC (baseline)  performed tests with 16:1 transformer integrated into PCB (above) and with first version of driver chip CPD1 (right): 1 chip drives 2 phases, up to 3.3 V clock swing 0.35  m CMOS process, chip size 3 x 8 mm 2 8 independent clock sections careful layout on- and off-chip to cancel inductance bump-bondable

32. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 31 Integration of CPC, CPR and CPD CPC2-40 CPR2 CPD1  a lot more work needed to arrive at ladders (design of ladder end: left)  but an integrated system of CPC, CPR and CPD exists and works up to frequency of 9 MHz (speed limited by CPR2)

33. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 32 LCFI Mechanical Studies  LCFI mechanical work comprises: support structure prototyping (RVC-, SiC foam, carbon fibre, shells) cooling studies conceptual design SiC, samples of 8% and 6% relative density obtained Plot: deviation under temperature cycling example design of a foam ladder (cross section)

34. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 33 Summary  ILC physics will require an excellent vertex detector as well as adequate reconstruction software.  Studies of the performance of vertexing, flavour tagging, quark charge reconstruction, and studies of benchmark physics processes are used to optimise the vertex detector design.  The LCFI Vertex Package provides software tools to perform such optimisation using GEANT4-based simulation and full reconstruction software (including e.g. pattern recognition).  Further development of these tools is needed for realistic detector assessment and comparison.  The development of CPCCD-sensors, CPR readout chips and CPD drivers within the LCFI collaboration is far advanced. In parallel, mechanical work is progressing well.  In lab tests, CCDs were driven with amplitudes as low as 1.35 V pp (design spec: 2 V pp ) and signals observed up to frequencies of 45 MHz (design spec: 50 MHz)  A combined system of CPC2-CPR2-CPD1 was successfully operated up to 9 MHz.

35. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 34 Additional Material

36. Elementary Particle Physics Seminar, Oxford, 6 th November 2007Sonja Hillert (Oxford) p. 35 The ZVTOP vertex finder D. Jackson, NIM A 388 (1997) 247  two branches: ZVRES and ZVKIN (also known as ghost track algorithm)  The ZVRES algorithm: very general algorithm that can cope with arbitrary multi-prong decay topologies ‘vertex function‘ calculated from Gaussian ´probability tubes´ representing tracks iteratively search 3D-space for maxima of this function and minimise  2 of vertex fit  ZVKIN: more specialised algorithm to extend coverage to b-jets with 1-pronged vertices and / or a short-lived B-hadron not resolved from the IP additional kinematic information (IP-, B-, D-decay vertex approximately lie on a straight line) used to find vertices should improve flavour tag efficiency and determination of vertex charge

37. 36 Konstantin Stefanov, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory 36 Vertex Detector Review, Fermilab 2007 CPC1 did not have optimal drive conditions due to the single level metal Novel idea from LCFI for high-speed clock propagation: “busline-free” CCD:  50 MHz achievable with suitable driver in CPC2-10 and CPC2-40 (L1 device)  Transformer or ASIC driver Φ1 Φ2 Level 1 metal Polyimide Level 2 metal Φ2 Φ1 To multiple wire bonds To multiple wire bonds 1 mm CPC2 Clock Driving

38. 37 Konstantin Stefanov, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory 37 Vertex Detector Review, Fermilab 2007 In-situ Storage Image Sensor (ISIS) Operating principles of the ISIS: 1. Charge collected under a photogate; 2. Charge is transferred to 20-cell storage CCD in situ, 20 times during the 1 ms-long train; 3. Conversion to voltage and readout in the 200 ms-long quiet period after the train (insensitive to beam-related RF pickup); 4. 1 MHz column-parallel readout is sufficient;

39. 38 Konstantin Stefanov, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory 38 Vertex Detector Review, Fermilab 2007 In-situ Storage Image Sensor (ISIS) RG RD OD RSEL Column transistor The ISIS offers significant advantages:  Easy to drive because of the low clock frequency: 20 kHz during capture, 1 MHz during readout  ~100 times more radiation hard than CCDs (less charge transfers)  Very robust to beam-induced RF pickup ISIS combines CCDs, active pixel transistors and edge electronics in one device: non-standard process Presently discussing with 3 vendors for the ISIS2 development:  Looking at modified 0.18 μm CMOS process with additional buried channel and deep p+ implants Proof-of-principle device (ISIS1) designed and manufactured by e2V Technologies On-chip logic On-chip switches Global Photogate and Transfer gate ROW 1: CCD clocks ROW 2: CCD clocks ROW 3: CCD clocks ROW 1: RSEL Global RG, RD, OD 5 μm

40. 39 Konstantin Stefanov, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory 39 Vertex Detector Review, Fermilab 2007 Tests of ISIS1 Tests with 55 Fe X-ray source: ISIS1 without p-well tested first and works OK:  Correct charge storage in 5 time slices and consequent readout  Successfully demonstrated the principle New ISIS1 chips with p-well have been received, now under tests ISIS1 without p-well is now in a test beam in DESY