1. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Microprocessors Chapter 3

2. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Overview In this chapter, you will learn how to –Identify the core components of a CPU –Describe the relationship of CPUs and RAM –Explain the varieties of modern CPUs –Identify specialty CPUs –Install and upgrade CPUs

3. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Central Processing Unit (CPU) Core Components

4. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Concepts The CPU (Central Processing Unit) works as a very powerful calculator CPUs are not very smart…just very fast at manipulating zeroes and ones

5. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Man in the Box Visualize the CPU as a man in a box. –He will gladly perform anything you want him to do, but he can’t see or hear anything outside the box. –How can we communicate with him? We need some way to talk to the guy inside the box Is anyone out there?

6. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Talking to the Man Imagine 16 lights –8 on the inside and 8 on the outside –When an inside light is on, the corresponding outside light is on. We can switch these lights on and off. –This communication system is like the external data bus

7. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Talking to the Man In reality, a lot of little wires flash on or off –Voltage is applied or not –Represented not as on, on, off, off… but as 1, 1, 0, 0… On 1 Off 0 On 1 Off 0 On 1 Off 0 On 1 1

8. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved External Data Bus The CPU communicates with the outside world using the external data bus (EDB) –Instead of light bulbs, the EDB is made up of tiny wires –The state of a wire is expressed in a binary format, with zeroes and ones –Each discrete setting (series of zeroes and ones representing the state of the wires) of the EDB is a line of code in a program

9. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Registers Inside the box are registers (temporary storage locations) The four general-purpose registers found in all CPUs are AX, BX, CX, and DX 10000101 00110101 11001001 10100001

10. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Codebook The man in the box needs one more tool: the codebook or instruction set –Called machine language –One command is a line of code –The complete set of commands for a processor is its instruction set InstructionMeaning 1000 0000Store next line in AX 1001 0000Store next line in BX 1011 0000Add AX to BX & store in AX 1100 0000Place AX on EDB

11. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Codebook (Instruction Set) InstructionMeaning 1000 0000Store next line in AX 1001 0000Store next line in BX 1011 0000Add AX to BX & store in AX 1100 0000Place AX on EDB 1000 0000Instruction (store data in AX) 0000 0001Data (number 1) 1001 0000Instruction (store data in BX) 0000 0010Data (number 2) 1011 0000Instruction (add AX and BX and place in AX) 1100 0000Place AX on EDB

12. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Clock The CPU does no work until told to—even though data may be on the EDB You need a buzzer to tell the man in the box to start –This is referred to as a clock –A clock is actually a stream of pulses z 10000101 00110101 Time to work 10000101 00110101

13. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Clock A clock cycle is the time taken by the special wire to charge up –The CPU needs at least two clock cycles to act on each command –A cycle is one complete up and down segment of the sine wave The maximum number of clock cycles that can be handled by the CPU is called the clock speed

14. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved System Crystal The system crystal defines the speed at which the CPU and the rest of the PC operate –Quartz oscillator, usually soldered to the motherboard Overheating results from overclocking the CPU (running it faster than its maximum clock speed)

15. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved In Summary The CPU is like a man in a box The external data bus gets data in and out of the CPU Registers are used as temporary storage inside the CPU The instruction set is like a codebook The clock defines the speed of the CPU 10000101 00110101 11001001 10100001

16. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Memory

17. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Memory Memory is a device that holds binary data Memory was first stored on paper cards and then on magnetic cards and magnetic tapes Problems –Serial access –Slow Random access memory (RAM) to the rescue!

18. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved RAM RAM is organized similar to a spreadsheet Data can be read or written to by addressing the RAM location Typically represented as KB, MB, or GB Volatile — zeroes out when power lost

19. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Memory Controller Chip The memory controller chip (MCC) is a device that facilitates the flow of data from the RAM to the CPU MCC

20. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Address Bus The address bus enables the CPU to control the MCC –Another set of wires in addition to the external data bus –Used by the CPU to tell the Northbridge which line of code it wants from RAM MCC

21. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Address Bus The number of wires in the address bus determines the maximum amount of RAM the CPU can handle –An 8088 had 20 wires, which provided 2 20 combinations (1,048,576 or 1 MB) –Many current CPUs use 36 wires, which provide 2 36 combinations (68,718,476,736 or 64 GB)

22. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Terminology KKilo2 10 1024 about 1000 2 10 MMega2 20 1,048,576 about 1 million 2 20 GGiga2 30 1,073,741,824 about 1 billion 2 30 TTera2 40 1,099,511,627,776 about 1 trillion 2 40 Bits are represented as b (i.e., Kb) Bytes are represented as B (i.e., KB)

23. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Decimal Compared to Binary 22 2121 2121 2020 2020 4 4 2 2 1 1 643 Decimal 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 1 1 6 6 4 4 3 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 101 Binary 600 + 40 + 3 643 4 + 0 + 1 + 5 Decimal

24. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Modern CPUs CompTIA A+ Essentials

25. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved CPU Overview Several specification are used to describe and compare CPUs: –Make (Intel, AMD) –Model (Pentium, Athlon, etc.) –Packages, or how it’s mounted (PGA, SEC, SEP) –External speed (speed of crystal) –Multiplier (applied to crystal) –Cache (L1 and L2) –Internal speed (speed when crystal multiplied) –Pipelining –Hyper-threading We’ll cover these in older and newer CPUs

26. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Manufacturers Two main CPU makers –Intel –AMD CPUs might look similar, but they are not interchangeable

27. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Common CPU Packages Pin grid array (PGA) –Most common –Number of pins vary by processor –Plugs into sockets that vary by processor Single edge cartridge (SEC) –Single edge processor (SEP) is similar –Processor mounted on board –Board plugs into motherboard Zero insertion force (ZIF) –Allows processor to be easily inserted –Arm locks processor in place

28. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Pentium CPU — The Early Years CPU makers have added a large number of improvements over the years –Larger external data buses –Larger address buses –Faster clock speeds Intel introduced the Pentium CPU in the early 1990s –32-bit registers –Speeds up to 300 MHz –Ability to run multiple programs at once –Access super-fast cache RAM –Processes two or more lines of code at the same time

29. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 32-bit Addressing Current operating systems are referred to as 32-bit (2 32 ) –Can directly address 4 GB of memory Early Pentiums had 32-bit address bus Newer CPUs have 36-bit address bus –2 36 allows addressing 64 GB of RAM –Some 32-bit operating systems address the extra memory via “extensions” –Memory is swapped in and out of the 4 GB base as needed

30. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Pipelining A pipeline is a series of steps taken by the CPU to process a command Pipelining is the process of processing more than one command at a time through the use of separate sets of circuitry –Works like an assembly line –Commands go through the processor on a “conveyer belt” –Enables the processor to work on more than one thing at a time

31. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Cache Cache is separate storage area used for quick access of data –CPU runs faster than RAM –Using a faster RAM cache close to the CPU helps the CPU run without waiting –L1: close to the CPU and fastest –L2: faster than RAM 1011 0101 1001 0001 1011 0110 0001 1101 1101 1100 0111 1001 1111 1100 1010 RAM Cache RAM CPU

32. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved L2 Cache L2 was originally on the motherboard –Referred to as external cache –Not uncommon on today’s CPUs Size of the cache varies from 0 to 1 MB

33. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Clock Speed and Multipliers The clock is derived from the crystal –Referred to as external speed Clock is multiplied and CPU runs at quicker speed –CPU runs at much quicker multiplied speed 66 MHz crystal Sent through a 2X multiplier Gives a 132 MHZ CPU Original clock Clock with 2x multiplier Has twice as many cycles for CPU to operate with

34. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved CPU Voltages Older CPUs needed 5 volts –CPU voltage was reduced to 3.3 volts Later improvements reduced voltage even more with no single standard –Smaller size resulted in lower voltage and smaller chips –Voltage regulator module (VRM) is a small card that enables a CPU to standardize voltage regulators –CPU reports voltage requirements with CPUID

35. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Older CPUs Early Pentiums AMD K5Pentium Pro Ext. speed50–66 MHz50–75 MHz60–66 MHz Int. speed60–200 MHz60–150 MHz166–200 MHz Multiplier1x to 3x1.5x to 2x2.5x to 3x L116 KB L2256 KB, 512 KB, 1 MB PackagePGA SocketSocket 4, 5Socket 7Socket 8 RemarksHigh-end systems

36. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Improvements Out-of-order processing –Enabled processors to predict data that was needed –90% accuracy in pulling the correct data On-chip L2 cache –On the same package, but not necessarily on the same chip

37. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Bus Types Frontside bus –Address bus and external data bus are combined together between the CPU, MCC, and RAM Backside bus –Connection between the CPU and L2 cache Remember that L2 cache used to be external cache but is now internal to the CPU housing CPU L2 Cache RAM MCC Frontside bus Backside bus

38. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Older CPUs Later Pentiums Pentium IIAMD K6 Ext. speed66–75 MHz66–100 MHz60–100 MHz Int. speed166–200 MHz233–450 MHz200– 550 MHz Multiplier2.5x to 4.5x3.5x to 4.5x3.5x to 5.5x L132 KB 32 or 64 KB L2512 KB0 to 256 KB PackagePGASECPGA SocketSocket 7Slot 1Socket 7 RemarksAMD & Intel Split

39. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Pentium Improvements MMX (multimedia extensions) –Designed for graphical applications Increased clocks and multipliers –Up to 4.5x Pentium II –Faster than Pentium Pro –Used SEC AMD K6 –Proprietary 3DNow! –Requires a Super Socket 7

40. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Older CPUs Intel Celeron (P II) Pentium IIIAMD Athlons Ext. speed66 MHz100–133 MHz Int. speed266–700 MHz450 MHz–1.2 GHz 500MHz– 1GHz Multiplier4x to 10.5x4x to 10x5x to 10x L132 KB 128 KB L20 to 128 KB256–512 KB512 KB PackageSEP, PGASEC-2, PGASEC SocketSlot 1, Socket 370 Slot A7

41. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Older CPUs Celeron –Offshoot of Pentium II for the low-end PC Pentium III –Intel’s answer to 3DNow! by AMD AMD Athlon –SEC package used slot A

42. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved More Current CPUs AMD AthlonAMD DuronPentium 4 CodenameThunderbirdWillamette Process180 nm Wattage38–7521–5749–100 Ext. speed100–133 MHz100 MHz100–133 MHz Int. speed650 MHz– 1.4 GHz 650 MHz– 1.8 GHz 1.3–2 GHz Multiplier6.5x to 14x6.5x to 13.5x13x to 20x L1128 KB L2256 KB64 KB256 KB PackagePGA SocketSocket A Socket 423 or 478

43. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved IT Technician Processing and Wattage CompTIA A+ Technician

44. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Processing and Wattage Wattage is a measure of power –Goal is to consume as little power as possible while still having a powerful CPU –Solution: make it smaller so it takes less voltage; less voltage is less wattage Processing –Measures thickness of wafers –Some of today’s processors are 65 nanometers About as thick as 455 hydrogen atoms Or 1/3077 th of the width of a human hair Hydrogen atom

45. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Pentium Competitors AMD Athlon Thunderbird –Double-pumped frontside bus doubled the data rate without increasing the clock speed –Returned to PGA with Socket A AMD Duron –Generic name given to all lower-end Athlon processors –AMD’s competitor to Intel’s Celeron for the low-end PC Intel Pentium 4 (Willamette) –Completely redesigned core called NetBurst –Used 20-step pipeline –Quad-pumped frontside bus

46. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved More Current CPUs AMD Athlon CodenamePalominoThoroughbred Process180 nm150 nm Wattage60–7249–70 Ext. speed133 MHz166 MHz Int. speed1.3–2.2 GHz Multiplier13x to 16.5x L1128 KB L2256–512 KB PackagePGA SocketSocket A

47. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved More Current CPUs Pentium 4 CodenameNorthwoodPrescottCedar Mill Process130 nm90 nm65 nm Wattage45–68~8486 Ext. speed100 MHz133 MHz200 MHz Int. speed1.3–3.8 GHz Multiplier13x to 23x L1128 KB L2256, 512 KB PackagePGA SocketSocket 478 or 775

48. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Newer Processors AMD Athlon XP (Palomino and Thoroughbred) –Enhanced version of the Athlon core processor Intel Pentium 4 (Northwood, Prescott, Cedar Mill) –Increased frontside bus to 800 MHz –Introduced hyperthreading Hyperthreading –Looks like two CPUs to the operating system

49. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved More Current CPUs AMD Athlon XPAMD Athlon CodenamePalominoThoroughbred Process180 nm150 nm Wattage60–7249–70 Ext. speed133 MHz166 MHz Int. speed1.3–2.2 GHz Multiplier13x to 16.5x L1128 KB L2256–512 KB PackagePGA SocketSocket A

50. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved More Current CPUs Athlon XPPentium 4 CodenameThorton/BartonExtreme Edition Process130 nm130, 90 nm Wattage60–7085–115 Ext. speed133, 166, 200 MHz200, 266 MHz Int. speed1.6–2.2 GHz3.2–3.7 GHz Multiplier10x to 16x14x to 17x L1128 KB L2256, 512 KB512 KB L32 MB PackagePGA SocketSocket ASocket 478 or 775

51. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Mobile Processors Mobile processors –For laptops –Use less power to overcome problems of heat and power requirements Utilize throttling –Previously called system management mode (SMM) –Allows a CPU to slow down during low demand times –Intel calls it SpeedStep –AMD calls it PowerNow!

52. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved More Processors Intel Xeon processors –Series of powerful CPUs –Massive L2 caches –Xeon is codeword for high-end –Can easily be used in symmetric multiprocessing systems (multiple physical processors) –Early Xeon used slots –Later Xeons went back to PGA packages

53. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 64-Bit Processors 64-bit processing refers to a 64-bit address bus –We already had 64-bit external data buses Intel Itanium processors –Itanium was Intel’s first 64-bit chip –Itanium II is made for the PC

54. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved 64-Bit Processors AMD Opteron processor –Runs both 32-bit and 64-bit code Athlon 64 –First desktop 64-bit processor –Backward-compatible with 32-bit programs –Two main groups (130 nm and 90 nm) AMD Sempron CPUs –Less cache than the Athlon 64 –Offer a tradeoff between price and performance

55. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Dual-core CPUs Due to practical limit of ~4 GHz in clock speeds, alternatives were sought Dual core features two CPUs on same chip –Pentium D –Athlon Dual Cores

56. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Dual-core CPUs Pentium DAthlon Dual Core CodenameSmtihfield/Presler Process90, 65 nm90 nm Wattage95–13089–110 Ext. speed166, 200 MHz200 MHz Int. speed2.6–3.6 GHz2–2.4 GHz Multiplier14x to 20x10x to 12x L1Two 128 KB128 KB L2Two 1 or 2 MBTwo 512 KB or 1 MB Package775 LGAPGA SocketSocket LGA 775Socket 939 or AM2

57. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Intel Core CPUs Intel CoreIntel Core 2 CodenameYonah Process90, 65 nm90 nm Wattage95–13089–110 Ext. speed166, 200 MHz200 MHz Int. speed2.6–3.6 GHz2–2.4 GHz Multiplier14x to 20x10x to 12x L1Two 128 KB128 KB L2Two 1 or 2 MBTwo 512 KB or 1 MB Package775 LGAPGA SocketSocket LGA 775Socket 939 or AM2

58. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Installing CPUs

59. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Why Replace a CPU? Cost –Chances are you’ll need to replace the motherboard as well as the CPU—is it worth it? Cooling –Faster CPUs will probably need better cooling Performance –Faster CPUs may not be the best answer to speeding up your PC Many times you really need more RAM

60. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Right CPU Consult your motherboard manual –You need a CPU that will fit in the socket or slot on your motherboard Buying a CPU –Most stores will not accept returns –Retail-boxed CPUs are genuine and come with a fan –Lots of illegal CPUs on the market

61. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved CPU Installation Guidelines Don’t touch the pins (ESD) Match the notch and dot printed on the corners of the CPU…they must line up –Incorrectly installing your CPU may destroy the CPU and/or motherboard!

62. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved CPU Installation Guidelines Use a heat sink compound Install a fan on top of the CPU after the CPU has been inserted into the socket

63. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Plugging in the CPU Fan

64. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved The Art of Cooling Modern CPUs need to be kept cool –OEM fans are included in retail-boxed CPUs –Specialized fans usually exceed OEM fans –Liquid cooling works by running a liquid (usually water) through a metal block that sits on top of your CPU to absorb heat

65. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Overclocking Overclocking is running a CPU at a speed higher than rated –Voids the warranty –Black market exists

66. © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved