1. Multi-user Database Processing Architectures Architectures Transactions Transactions Security Security Administration Administration

2. Multi-user Processing Architectures Teleprocessing Systems Teleprocessing Systems Client-Server Systems Client-Server Systems File Sharing Systems File Sharing Systems Distributed Database Systems Distributed Database Systems

3. Teleprocessing Systems Central CPU & Applications Central CPU & Applications Central DBMS Central DBMS Central Database Central Database Communication lines

4. Client-Server Systems Distributed CPUs & Applications Distributed CPUs & Applications Central DBMS Central DBMS Central DB Central DB

5. File Sharing Systems Distributed CPUs & Applications Distributed CPUs & Applications Distributed DBMS Distributed DBMS Central DB Central DB

6. Distributed Database Systems Distributed CPUs & Applications Distributed CPUs & Applications Distributed DBMS Distributed DBMS Distributed DB Distributed DB

7. C = centralized, D = distributed Comparing Architectures

8. Replication Types of Distributed Databases Partition

9. Distributed Database Continuum Simplicity Security Affordability Independence Flexibility Availability

10. Distributed DBs: Your turn An example of distributed database! An example of distributed database! Partitioned? Partitioned? Replicated? Replicated? 3 advantages? 3 advantages? Independence Independence Flexibility Flexibility Availability Availability 3 disadvantages? 3 disadvantages? Complexity Complexity Insecurity Insecurity Cost Cost

11. Database Reliability Concurrency control Concurrency control Hide other users Hide other users Database recovery Database recovery Hide failures Hide failures Change CUSTOMER data Change SALESPERSON data Insert ORDER data Alice reads ACCOUNT Alice adds $50 Bob reads ACCOUNT Alice writes ACCOUNT Bob takes $100 Bob writes ACCOUNT

12. Database Transactions Transaction = logical unit of work Transaction = logical unit of work Series of actions defined such that either all of them or none of them are performed Series of actions defined such that either all of them or none of them are performed Should always transform the database from one consistent state to another Should always transform the database from one consistent state to another Start Transaction Change CUSTOMER data Change SALESPERSON data Insert ORDER data If no errors then Commit Transaction Else Rollback Transaction End If

13. BEGIN TRANSACTION COMMITROLLBACK Transaction Outcomes If successful, transaction is committed & database reaches a new state If successful, transaction is committed & database reaches a new state If unsuccessful, transaction is aborted & database must be restored to previous state If unsuccessful, transaction is aborted & database must be restored to previous state

14. Problems Caused by Concurrency Lost update Lost update Overwrite another user’s update Overwrite another user’s update Uncommitted dependency Uncommitted dependency When user sees intermediate step of another transaction before it is committed When user sees intermediate step of another transaction before it is committed Inconsistent analysis Inconsistent analysis Read partial results of incomplete update transaction Read partial results of incomplete update transaction

15. Concurrency Control Goal: Serializability Goal: Serializability concurrent transactions produce same result as serial execution concurrent transactions produce same result as serial execution Technique: Locking Technique: Locking Alice reads ACCOUNT Alice adds $50 Alice writes ACCOUNT Bob reads ACCOUNT Bob takes $100 Bob writes ACCOUNT

16. Two-Phase Locking Transaction can obtain locks as needed Transaction can obtain locks as needed Once first lock is released, no other locks may be obtained Once first lock is released, no other locks may be obtained Guarantees serializability Guarantees serializability A1. Lock item 100 A2. Read item 100 A3. Reduce count by 5 A4. Write item 100 B1. Lock item 100 B2. Read item 100 B3. Reduce count by 3 B4. Write item 100 1. Lock item 100 for A 2. Read item 100 for A 3. Lock item 100 for B; cannot, so place B in wait state 4. Set item count to 5 for A 5. Write item 100 for A 6. Release A's lock on item 100 7. Place lock on item 100 for B 8. Read item 100 for B 9. Set item count to 2 for B 10. Write item 100 for B 11. Release B's lock on item 100

17. Dealing with Deadlock Two-phase locking can lead to deadlock Two-phase locking can lead to deadlock Prevention Prevention All or nothing locking All or nothing locking Detection and Recovery Detection and Recovery DBMS detects deadlock and aborts one of the transactions DBMS detects deadlock and aborts one of the transactions 1. Lock paper for user A 2. Lock pencils for user B 3. Process A's requests; write paper record 4. Process B's requests; write pencil record 5. Put A in wait state for pencils 6. Put B in wait state for paper [Deadlock…]

18. Recovery via Reprocessing Return to known point and reprocess the transactions Return to known point and reprocess the transactions Requires database save and log of transactions Requires database save and log of transactions Problems: Problems: Inefficiency Inefficiency Asynchrony may lead to different end results Asynchrony may lead to different end results

19. Recovery via Roll-back Requires log of changes made to database Requires log of changes made to database Undo changes made by erroneous or incomplete transactions, restart valid transactions Undo changes made by erroneous or incomplete transactions, restart valid transactions

20. Recovery via Roll-forward Requires database save and log of changes made to database Requires database save and log of changes made to database Restore database save and apply changes from log Restore database save and apply changes from log Frequent checkpoints decrease delay Frequent checkpoints decrease delay

21. Security Set by DBA, enforced by DBMS Set by DBA, enforced by DBMS Authorization Rules = table in which each record keeps processing permissions via the following fields: Authorization Rules = table in which each record keeps processing permissions via the following fields: Subject - user, group, application, computer... Subject - user, group, application, computer... Object - database, relation, row, column, view, transaction…(Granularity = size of objects) Object - database, relation, row, column, view, transaction…(Granularity = size of objects) Action - read, write, execute, create, grant... Action - read, write, execute, create, grant... Authorization constraint - limit... Authorization constraint - limit...

22. Actual DBMS security The capabilities of the Authorization Rules model are only partially implemented The capabilities of the Authorization Rules model are only partially implemented Subject-oriented security Subject-oriented security For each subject, binary Action/Object table For each subject, binary Action/Object table Object-oriented security Object-oriented security For each object, binary Action/Subject table For each object, binary Action/Subject table Constraints via programmable exits Constraints via programmable exits Triggers to constraint-checking programs Triggers to constraint-checking programs

23. DBA Responsibilities Manage the DB structure Manage the DB structure Contribute to DB & application development Contribute to DB & application development Maintain documentation to facilitate changes Maintain documentation to facilitate changes Manage data activity Manage data activity Data standards & documentation Data standards & documentation Establish and maintain the DB data dictionary Establish and maintain the DB data dictionary Security Security Backup & recovery Backup & recovery Manage the DBMS software Manage the DBMS software