1. Please....

2. Follow-up on questions from 2 wks ago… WHAT IS THE CAUSE OF MOST COAL MINING ACCIDENTS?? 47 coal mining fatalities recorded in 2006: - 43% fires and explosions, - 34% contact with objects and equipment, and - 19% transportation incidents.

3. Selected Historical Data of Incidents with more than 100 Fatalities, Sorted by Cause INFORMAL DATA INDICATES MOST, (17 OF 22), HIGH FATALITY INCIDENTS ARE CAUSED BY “EXPLOSIONS”

4. Country Selected Historical Data of Incidents with more than 100 Fatalities, Sorted by Country

5. Selected Historical Data of Incidents with more than 100 Fatalities, Sorted by Year

6. Vagabond Ventures Oil Group Search For Fossil Fuels Spring 2013

7. Week 1: Geology & History of Fossil Fuels Week 2: Oil Exploration Week 2: Oil Exploration Week 3: Petroleum Engineering Week 3: Petroleum Engineering Course Outline Week 4: ‘Vagabond Group’ proposes 2 prospects Your chance to invest ! Week 5: ‘Vagabond Group’ plans production Week 5: ‘Vagabond Group’ plans production Week 6: Calculating the Payout?! Week 6: Calculating the Payout?! The Basics: The Adventure: A black-gold millionaire or dry hole hobo?

8. By now, you should start to see that deciding -WHAT to drill -WHERE to drill & - HOW to drill is a TEAM EFFORT Composed of GEOLOGIST, GEOPHYSICIST, LANDMEN, & ENGINEERS Today....

9. Petroleum Engineer Primary Jobs: Reservoir Characterization Production & Enhancements Well Design & Drilling 9 Economic Analysis Covered in CLASS No. 5 Covered in CLASS No. 6

10. Job #1 Reservoir Characterization 10 Petroleum Engineer: Reservoir Characterization

11. “Reservoir characterization methodology: determining reservoir architecture, establishing fluid-flow trends, constructing reservoir model, and identifying reserve growth potential Further investigations within reservoir type: integrating data: petrophysical, seismic, and geologic attributes 3-D geo-celluar model building; delineating flow units and fluid flow compartments, documenting reserve growth concepts under varying reservoir conditions” Texas Bureau of Economic Geology 11 Petroleum Engineer: Reservoir Characterization

12. From Seismic Data 12 Petroleum Engineer: Reservoir Characterization

13. Generalized Stratigraphic Map 13 Petroleum Engineer: Reservoir Characterization

14. PETROPHYSICAL & PALEO DATA 14 Lithology Well core Laboratory Analysis Paleo Analysis Petroleum Engineer: Reservoir Characterization

15. 1 millimeter Gulf of Mexico Pliocene Sandstone PETROPHYSICAL DATA 15 Laboratory Analysis Porosity – a measure of the open spaces within a rock that can contain oil or water. Unit of measurement is PERCENT Permeability – a measure of the ability for fluid to flow thru a rock. Unit of measurement is DARCY Point of Reference: Concrete BlockBrick Porosity Permeability +/- 20% +/- 5 % 2 – 5 D.025 D (25 mD) Petroleum Engineer: Reservoir Characterization

16. PETROPHYSICAL DATA – Rules of Thumb 16 PERMEABILITY mD (milliDarcy)RESERVOIR QUALITY 1 – 10 mDPoor 10 – 100 mDGood 100 – 1000 mDExcellent Porosity (%)RESERVOIR QUALITY 0 – 5%Insignificant 5 – 10%Poor 10 – 15%Fair 15 – 20%Good 20 – 25%Excellent Petroleum Engineer: Reservoir Characterization

17. Correlation of Well Logs (more on logging later…) 17 Petroleum Engineer: Reservoir Characterization

18. Resulting in Reservoir Model Reservoir characteristics are input to a program that generates a 3D map of the subsurface reservoir The 3D map can then be used to assess where hydrocarbon has migrated to which then indicates where future wells should be drilled 18 Petroleum Engineer: Reservoir Characterization

19. TYPICAL QUESTIONS TO ASK REGARDING RESERVOIR CHARACTERIZATION What is the source rock? What type of reservoir rock is expected? What reservoir porosity is expected? What reservoir permeability is expected? What is the expected trapping mechanism? What type of drive mechanism is expected? Is the well type a straight hole or deviated? What is the planned TD (total depth) of the well? How many feet of pay is expected? How do characteristics vary between in-field wells? How many PROVEN reserves are expected to be found? 19 SPEAKING OF “RESERVES”… Petroleum Engineer: Reservoir Characterization

20. Classification of Reserves is key! What are Reserves? The amount of oil & gas in a reservoir currently available for production Why are they important?: Reserves when produced generate a cash flow and by estimating the total cash flow from a well, the “expected value” of that well can be calculated. This sets the limit on much you can spend in developing the well for any expected Return on Investment (ROI)! 20 Petroleum Engineer: Reserves

21. Classification of Reserves is key! BUT… There are several different reserves names used: Reserves in Place Reserves in Place (physically contained in the reservoir; remember that only 25 to 30% of that can actually be recovered with conventional technologies; OOIP) Recoverable Reserves Recoverable Reserves (estimate of what can be produced from the reservoir) Proven Reserves, Developed or Undeveloped Proven Reserves, Developed or Undeveloped (reserves that can be calculated with reasonable certainty because the field has been defined by appraisal well(s) that have been tested) Proved Behind-Pipe Reserves Proved Behind-Pipe Reserves (undeveloped, proven reserves calculated behind the casing) Proved (P90), Probable (P50) and Possible (P10) Reserves Proved (P90), Probable (P50) and Possible (P10) Reserves 21 Petroleum Engineer: Reserves

22. Classification of Reserves is key! Proved (P90) Reserves – Proved (P90) Reserves – 90 % chance or greater that the reserves are there; must have “very high certainty” that reserves can be “economically” recovered with current technology. Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) allows only reporting of P90 as official data. Probable (P50) Reserves- Probable (P50) Reserves- 50 % chance that the reserves are there Possible (P10) Reserves - Possible (P10) Reserves - 10 % chance that the reserves are there Remember estimates are based on data from a location as much as 2 miles below the surface, and on characteristics of a hole 6” in diameter extrapolated over several hundred acres of reservoir… Reserves estimating is more of an art than a science! 22 Petroleum Engineer: Reserves

23. Another important term…Reserves Replacement 23 You’re going out of Business!! Petroleum Engineer: Reserves

24. 24 Yeah! You will stay in business!! Petroleum Engineer: Reserves Another important term…Reserves Replacement

25. Petroleum Engineer: Reserves Note that the world understands that “proved” reserves is what’s important… 25 USA Today

26. 26 Note that the world understands that “proved” reserves is what’s important… Petroleum Engineer: Reserves

27. 12 th ! Petroleum Engineer: Reserves USA Reserves Primarily due to Shale? 9.9X 7.8X 5.6X Canada Reserves 3,380% rise in 1 yr! hummm? Canada Reserves

28. Petroleum Engineer: Reserves 4 th !

29. Job #2 Well Design and Drilling 29 Petroleum Engineer: Well Design & Drilling

30. Well Design during drilling `` Blowout Preventer Surface Casing Strings Blowout Preventer – Monitor & Controls the pressure within each casing string of the well Casing String – Successive sections of pipe of decreasing diameter set one inside the other and cemented in place 30 Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

31. How is Casing Installed? 36”hole Drill 36” hole to design depth Drill 36” hole to design depth Slide 30” casing to depth within 36” hole Slide 30” casing to depth within 36” hole Cement 30” casing to 36” hole Cement 30” casing to 36” hole Drill 24” hole thru cement in 30” casing to design depth Drill 24” hole thru cement in 30” casing to design depth Slide 20” casing to depth within the 24” hole Slide 20” casing to depth within the 24” hole Cement 20” casing to 24” hole Cement 20” casing to 24” hole And so on …. And so on …. 31 30” Casing 24”hole 20” Casing Surface Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

32. Typical Well Casing Program 30 in 30 in(36”hole) 20 in 20 in(26”hole) 13 3/8 in 13 3/8 in (17 ½” hole) 9 5/8 in (12 ½” hole) 500 ft 7,000 ft 10,000 ft 3,000 ft 7 in Liner (8½” hole) 15,000 ft Depth Casing Size 30” Casing = Conductor Pipe (hung at surface; it is drilled or driven) 30” Casing = Conductor Pipe (hung at surface; it is drilled or driven) 20” Casing = Surface Casing (hung at surface; may not be necessary, depends on geology) 20” Casing = Surface Casing (hung at surface; may not be necessary, depends on geology) 13 3/8” Casing = Intermediate Casing (hung at the surface) 13 3/8” Casing = Intermediate Casing (hung at the surface) 9 5/8” Casing = Intermediate casing (depending on design, could be hung off of 13 3/8”) 9 5/8” Casing = Intermediate casing (depending on design, could be hung off of 13 3/8”) 7” Liner = Not a casing per se because it is hung off the end of the 9 5/8” casing; it doesn’t run to the surface 7” Liner = Not a casing per se because it is hung off the end of the 9 5/8” casing; it doesn’t run to the surface 32 Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

33. Well Casing Program Why is casing needed? Protect freshwater aquifers that might be present in the subsoil Protect freshwater aquifers that might be present in the subsoil Prevents contamination between rock strata layers Prevents contamination between rock strata layers Contain any unusual pressure in the layers of rock strata that might be encountered Contain any unusual pressure in the layers of rock strata that might be encountered Prevent borehole collapse while drilling deeper Prevent borehole collapse while drilling deeper Provide control of drilling mud being pumped down-hole Provide control of drilling mud being pumped down-hole High Pressure Zone Low Pressure Zone or future producing zone Black Gold! Cap Rock Wellbore thru the rock strata 33 Freshwater Aquifer http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=fNq 2uKfSvhw&feature=endscreen Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

34. Well Design during completion `` Surface Perforations Xmas Tree– Monitor & Controls the pressure within the each casing of the well while allowing the well to flow to the surface PerforationsPerforations – Holes shot thru the casing to allow fluid to flow into the wellbore Down-hole Completion Equipment – Devices & tools installed in the well to control which reservoir is produced and to give real-time data Down-hole Completion Equipment` 34 Xmas Tree Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

35. Captured from a YouTube Video. This is a section of pipe tubing; Shaped charges will be set off to make the perforations. These pictures show the power of the shaped charges… Petroleum Engineer: Perforating Pipe

36. Well Design during completion `` Surface Perforations Production Tubing – A string of pipe that runs from the producing zone to the wellhead in which oil and/or gas flows to the surface facilities Down-hole Completion Equipment` 36 Xmas Tree To Production Facilities Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

37. Types of Well Design Black Gold! Cap Rock 37 “Straight-hole” Directional or “Deviated Well” “Horizontal Well” Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

38. Deviated Well Why drill a deviated well? Black Gold! Cap Rock High Pressure zones behind fault 38 Fault Known fault can cause an unplanned deviation from the projected drill path High pressure zones might exist to one side of a fault Subsurface “debris” like ancient reefs could cause a slower drill rate (ROP) than desired (time is money!) Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

39. Deviated, Horizontal Wells Why drill a horizontal well? 39 Low permeability reservoirs are best produced by horizontal wells, the ultimate in “deviated well” Three kinds of horizontal wells, long/short/medium radius: Long = 10 per 100ft Medium = 20 per 100ft Short = 40 per 100ft Target Reservoir Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

40. Horizontal Well Procedure 40 At start of deviation, replace drillbit with a “bent sub”, gyroscope, steerable mud motor & bit Add logging-while-drilling (LWD) unit & power pack within 20 ft of bit Slowly rotate drillstring to prevent “sticking” & start “pushing” steerable system forward while flowing mud to mud motor Drill while being pushed forward & steer system as need be to maintain horizontal direction Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

41. Multilateral, Horizontal Wells 41 Added advantage of horizontal well design is to include “Multilaterals” (additional boreholes from the same drillsite) From one wellsite, several sections of the reservoir can be accessed & produced Plan view Drillsite Significant Production Increase Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

42. Horizontal Drilling Advantages 42 Increase in reserves in place by 2% of the original oil in place (OIIP)** Increase in reserves in place by 2% of the original oil in place (OIIP)** Cost ratio of horizontal versus vertical wells is approximately 2 to 1** Cost ratio of horizontal versus vertical wells is approximately 2 to 1** Production ratio for horizontal wells versus vertical wells is approximately 3.2 to 1** Production ratio for horizontal wells versus vertical wells is approximately 3.2 to 1** Inclusion of multilaterals increases production ratio even more!! Inclusion of multilaterals increases production ratio even more!! ** per U.S. Department of Energy Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

43. Final Well Program Well Schematic – Showing hole (bit) size, casing plan, mud plan, planned TD Well Schematic – Showing hole (bit) size, casing plan, mud plan, planned TD Drilling Time Estimate – Breakdown total time into key components to various depths Drilling Time Estimate – Breakdown total time into key components to various depths Well Cost Estimate – Listing of all expected costs for the well Well Cost Estimate – Listing of all expected costs for the well Well Time VS. Depth Plot – a “picture” of how much drilling time is planned for each casing run Well Time VS. Depth Plot – a “picture” of how much drilling time is planned for each casing run 43 Petroleum Engineer: Well Design

44. LETS GET STARTED DRILLING!! 44 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

45. OffshoreOnshore Well Location? 45 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

46. On-structure (“In-field”, Appraisal) Exploratory (“Wildcat Well”) Normal Success Rate = +/- 1 in 10 to +/- 3 in 10 +/- 3 in 10 Normal Success Rate = +/- 5 in 10 to +/- 9 in 10 +/- 9 in 10 Well Type? 46 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

47. Main Components of Drilling Drilling Derrick Drill Bit 47 Drill Mud Traveling Block/Swivel Traveling Block/Swivel Turntable/Kelly/ Kelly Bushing Turntable/Kelly/ Kelly Bushing Casing (different sizes) Casing (different sizes) Blowout Preventer Blowout Preventer Drill String Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

48. Drilling Mud What is Drilling Mud A mixture of clay with either water, oil, oil and water, or synthetic organic matter and water. To this, various viscosity and density enhancers and additives to achieve specific objectives (adjust pH, control bacteria, de- foam, filtrate reducers, etc.) are added. How does it get in the well? Mud is pumped into the drill pipe, flows down the drill pipe, exits out the drill bit, and flows, along with rock cuttings, up the borehole back to the rig. Drill Bit Mud out MudIN Well bore 48 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

49. What is the Drilling Mud System? 49 1. Mud Pit or Tanks 4. Circulate Mud down drillstring and back up borehole exit below Blowout Preventer A ‘CLOSED SYSTEM’ where the drilling mud is mixed & pumped: from the mud pit/tanks, up into the mud hose down into the drillstring, thru the drillbit, up the wellbore, over the shaleshakers and back to the mud pit/tanks 2. Mud Pump 3. Mud Hose 5. Shale shakers Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

50. What does Drilling Mud do? Cools drill-bit Cools drill-bit Stabilizes borehole walls Stabilizes borehole walls Transports rock cuttings (“cuttings”) to surface (mud engineer examines cuttings w/microscope to check for oil and porosity) Transports rock cuttings (“cuttings”) to surface (mud engineer examines cuttings w/microscope to check for oil and porosity) Offsets hydrostatic/reservoir pressure Offsets hydrostatic/reservoir pressure 50 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

51. How Critical is Drilling Mud? Blue line is Pore Pressure (the pressure from the overburden) Blue line is Pore Pressure (the pressure from the overburden) Red line is the pressure that will fracture the reservoir Red line is the pressure that will fracture the reservoir Yellow line is Mud Weight pressure Yellow line is Mud Weight pressure If Mud weight is too hi, it will damage the reservoir; if too low, a well blowout is possible! If Mud weight is too hi, it will damage the reservoir; if too low, a well blowout is possible! 51Overpressurezones Specific Gravity Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

52. Drilling Plan Components Location & coordinates of well Location & coordinates of well Anticipated time for each major activity Anticipated time for each major activity Drill-bit Plan (what size to what depth) Drill-bit Plan (what size to what depth) Casing Plan (what size to what depth) Casing Plan (what size to what depth) Planned mud weight to offset hydrostatic/ reservoir pressure Planned mud weight to offset hydrostatic/ reservoir pressure Testing/logging plan Testing/logging plan Signoff plan for Non-Operator reps Signoff plan for Non-Operator reps 52 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

53. Drilling Contract Types Costs per Day (DAY RATE) Costs per Day (DAY RATE) Costs per Foot (FOOTAGE RATE) Costs per Foot (FOOTAGE RATE) Set Costs (TURNKEY BASIS) Set Costs (TURNKEY BASIS) Success often depends on quality & experience of Operator Success often depends on quality & experience of Operator 53 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

54. Drilling Operations Survey well location Survey well location Build roads, clear and level ground Build roads, clear and level ground Drill water well (optional) Drill water well (optional) Layout casing pipe/drill string & equipment Layout casing pipe/drill string & equipment Prepare drilling mud Prepare drilling mud Assemble Rig Assemble Rig Drill each segment; set casing & cement Drill each segment; set casing & cement 54 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

55. Drilling Operations (cont’d) Planned drill breaks: layout and position casing on deck, circulate bottom to remove cuttings, coring, drill stem testing, etc. Planned drill breaks: layout and position casing on deck, circulate bottom to remove cuttings, coring, drill stem testing, etc. Unplanned drill breaks: stuck pipe,lost circulation, required fishing trip, etc. Unplanned drill breaks: stuck pipe,lost circulation, required fishing trip, etc. Let’s look at POSSIBLE DRILLING PROBLEMS, CORING and WELL LOGGING Let’s look at POSSIBLE DRILLING PROBLEMS, CORING and WELL LOGGING 55 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

56. Possible Drilling Problems Lost tool (something breaks off or is dropped in well) Lost tool (something breaks off or is dropped in well) Stuck Pipe (drill pipe adheres to well walls due to suction/differential pressure or dogleg in wellbore) Stuck Pipe (drill pipe adheres to well walls due to suction/differential pressure or dogleg in wellbore) Sloughing shale (swelling of shales, drops to bottom, can’t circulate out) Sloughing shale (swelling of shales, drops to bottom, can’t circulate out) Lost circulation (high porosity zone/cavernous zone) Lost circulation (high porosity zone/cavernous zone) Corrosive gases encountered (hydrogen sulfide) Corrosive gases encountered (hydrogen sulfide) Abnormal high pressure (drill into/through a high press zone) Abnormal high pressure (drill into/through a high press zone) Blowout (mud weight not sufficient to hold back abnormal high pressure gas; gas flows to surface and ignites unexpectedly) Blowout (mud weight not sufficient to hold back abnormal high pressure gas; gas flows to surface and ignites unexpectedly) 56 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

57. http://www.energyindustryphotos.com/oilfield_blowout_photos_and_rig.htm 57 Oklahoma Blowout

58. http://www.energyindustryphotos.com/oilfield_blowout_photos_and_rig.htm 58

59. What is Coring? Two types of coring: Sidewall Cores (1”dia X 4” long) Rotary Cores (3 ½” to 5 ¼” dia X 30-50 FEET long) 59 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

60. What is a Well Log? After reaching the well “TD”, the well-bore is logged using a tool that is “run” downhole on a cable. In the tool are sensors that measure rock and fluid properties continuously down the borehole. Properties measured include: resistivity of the rock, conductivity thru the rock, size of borehole, rock’s reaction to nuclear radiation, etc. A long, fan-folded, “chart” prints out the data 60 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

61. Logging Types (not all) Each type of log has its advantages and disadvantages and hence are used at different times and in different situations Caliper Log Caliper Log SP (spontaneous potential) Log SP (spontaneous potential) Log Dip/dipmeter Log Dip/dipmeter Log Electrical Resistivity Log Electrical Resistivity Log Sonic/Acoustic Velocity Log Sonic/Acoustic Velocity Log Natural Gamma Ray Radiation Log Natural Gamma Ray Radiation Log Neutron (Formation) Density Log Neutron (Formation) Density Log Neutron Porosity Log Neutron Porosity Log Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Log Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Log 61 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling

62. Basic Log Interpretation Draw SHALE line on SP CURVE - Left side is SAND - Right side is SHALE Draw SHALE line on RESTIVITY CURVE - Left side in SAND is SALT WATER - Right side in SAND is Oil or Gas -Next pick sidewall coring locations… 62 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling SPontentialResistivity

63. Basic Log Interpretation - Sidewall Core Selection - 63 SPontentialResistivity

64. Basic Log Interpretation - Sidewall Core Selection - 64 OIL GAS SPontentialResistivity

65. Drilling Questions How many bidders? What are the advantages of selected contractor? How many bidders? What are the advantages of selected contractor? What type of rig contract? What type of rig contract? What is fixed price / what is variable price? Any rented equipment included? What is fixed price / what is variable price? Any rented equipment included? Does contractor use own-crew or “rented” crew? Does contractor use own-crew or “rented” crew? What has been safety record of this rig/crew? What has been safety record of this rig/crew? Who is the Tool Pusher and what is his/her experience? Who is the Tool Pusher and what is his/her experience? How much coring and logging is planned? How much coring and logging is planned? 65 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling Summary

66. WHAT HAVE WE TALKED ABOUT? REVIEW – SESSION 3 Deciding what, where and how to drill is a _______ effort composed of a __________, ____________, __________ and __________ and many others. The measure of open spaces in rock is the __________; the measure of the ability of fluid to flow thru rock is the ___________. The amount of oil/gas in a reservoir currently available for production is called what? _________. The most important type reserves and the only one the SEC will accept are the ______________ reserves. Reserves estimating is more of an ______ than a science. Successive sections of pipe of decreasing diameter set one inside the other and cemented in a wellbore is the _______ ______. Protection of freshwater aquifers in a well is done by the ________. TEAM 66 GEOLOGIST GEOPHYSICIST LANDMAN POROSITY P90 OR PROVED CASING STRING ENGINEER PERMABILITY RESERVES ART CASING Next page

67. WHAT HAVE WE TALKED ABOUT? REVIEW – SESSION 3 Two well types: ______________________ and _______________________. The worst odds of an exploratory well being successful is ___in 10; the worst odds of an on-structure/appraisal well being successful is ___in 10. When drilling, the drill bit is kept cool by the ______. If mud weight is too high, it will damage the ___________; if too low, a well __________ is possible. The depth below surface to the bottom of a well is the _____ _____ abbr. as “TD”. A technique of running a special tool downhole to take measurements around the payzone is called well _________. Engineers are highly trained, overworked, and under-appreciated and therefore they should be paid _________! 67 EXPLORATION OR “WILDCAT”APPRAISAL OR ON-STRUCTURE 3 BLOWOUT LOGGING 1 MUD RESERVOIR TOTAL DEPTH MILLIONS!

68. Week 1: Geology & History of Fossil Fuels Week 2: Oil Exploration Week 2: Oil Exploration Week 3: Petroleum Engineering Week 3: Petroleum Engineering Week 4: ‘Vagabond Group’ proposes 2 prospects Week 5: ‘Vagabond Group’ plans production Week 5: ‘Vagabond Group’ plans production Week 6: Calculating the Payout?! Week 6: Calculating the Payout?! The Basics: The Adventure: A black-gold millionaire or dry hole hobo? NEXT WEEK… Your chance to invest !

69. Thank You! RememberRemember Geology Rocks! 69 SESSION 3 – PETROLEUM ENGINEER

70. ANY QUESTIONS?? 70 Session 3 - Petroleum Engineer - All class material either is or will be on 1) the University’s website and on 2) Our website at: www.vagabondgeology.com

71. REFERENCES http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdRcALtA8CE&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdRcALtA8CE&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BdRcALtA8CE&NR=1 http://www.api.org/ehs/performance/explore/moreexplorprod uction.cfm http://www.api.org/ehs/performance/explore/moreexplorprod uction.cfm http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/ng/ng_enr_sum_dcu_rusf_a.ht m http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/ng/ng_enr_sum_dcu_rusf_a.ht m http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/data_publica tions/crude_oil_natural_gas_reserves/current/pdf/appb.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/data_publica tions/crude_oil_natural_gas_reserves/current/pdf/appb.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petrosystem/petrosysog. html http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petrosystem/petrosysog. html http://www.energy.gov/energysources/fossilfuels.htm http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energy_in_brief/foreign_oil_depende nce.cfm http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energy_in_brief/foreign_oil_depende nce.cfm http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publicati ons/company_level_imports/current/import.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/data_publicati ons/company_level_imports/current/import.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/speeches/Caruso061305.pdf http://www.npc.org/Study_Topic_Papers/7-STG- GlobalAccess.pdf http://www.npc.org/Study_Topic_Papers/7-STG- GlobalAccess.pdf http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/infosheets/crudeproduction.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publi cations/chronology/petroleumchronology2000.htm#T_2_ http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/petroleum/analysis_publi cations/chronology/petroleumchronology2000.htm#T_2_ http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.osha.go v/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/images/rig09.jpg&imgrefurl=http://w ww.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/illustrated_glossary.html& h=628&w=353&sz=56&hl=en&start=18&tbnid=T- wN7VuGlNKMVM:&tbnh=137&tbnw=77&prev=/images%3Fq%3 Drotary%2Boil%2Bdrilling%2Brig%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26 safe%3Doff%26sa%3D http://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/oil_ services.asp http://www.investopedia.com/features/industryhandbook/oil_ services.asp INTERNET 71 http://www.oilprimer.com/ http://www.oilprimer.com/ http://www.oilprimer.com/ http://oilandgasinvesting.com/ http://oilandgasinvesting.com/ http://oilandgasinvesting.com/ http://www.beg.utexas.edu/mainweb/presentations/2004 _presentations/pdf/wang_111704.pdf http://www.beg.utexas.edu/mainweb/presentations/2004 _presentations/pdf/wang_111704.pdf http://www.petroleum-economist.com/ http://www.petroleum-economist.com/ http://www.petroleum-economist.com/ http://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/gasolinepric esprimer/index.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/gasolinepric esprimer/index.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/gasolinepric esprimer/index.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/bookshelf/brochures/gasolinepric esprimer/index.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/data_pu blications/cost_indices_equipment_production/current/cos tstudy.html http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/oil_gas/natural_gas/data_pu blications/cost_indices_equipment_production/current/cos tstudy.html http://oilandgasinvesting.com/news/1-latest-news/50- investing-in-oil-a-gas-based-on-cash-flow-a-costs-versus- recoverable-reserves.html http://oilandgasinvesting.com/news/1-latest-news/50- investing-in-oil-a-gas-based-on-cash-flow-a-costs-versus- recoverable-reserves.html http://oilandgasinvesting.com/news/1-latest-news/50- investing-in-oil-a-gas-based-on-cash-flow-a-costs-versus- recoverable-reserves.html http://oilandgasinvesting.com/news/1-latest-news/50- investing-in-oil-a-gas-based-on-cash-flow-a-costs-versus- recoverable-reserves.html http://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/glossary/ http://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/glossary/ http://www.energyinst.org.uk/education/glossary/ http://fossil.energy.gov/programs/reserves/npr /publications/Drilling_for_Oil_and_Gas.pdf http://fossil.energy.gov/programs/reserves/npr /publications/Drilling_for_Oil_and_Gas.pdf http://fossil.energy.gov/programs/reserves/npr /publications/Drilling_for_Oil_and_Gas.pdf http://fossil.energy.gov/programs/reserves/npr /publications/Drilling_for_Oil_and_Gas.pdf http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/ http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/ http://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_drilling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_drilling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_drilling http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_mud http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_mud http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drilling_mud http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcNZfJbH5pk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcNZfJbH5pk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LcNZfJbH5pk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZUUGpecphc&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZUUGpecphc&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZUUGpecphc&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fl8L4qSqSqE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fl8L4qSqSqE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fl8L4qSqSqE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXd01nq_HK8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXd01nq_HK8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXd01nq_HK8 http://www.geolab.unc.edu/Petunia/IgMetAtlas/mainmen u.html http://www.geolab.unc.edu/Petunia/IgMetAtlas/mainmen u.html http://www.offshore-mag.com/index.cfm http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/ftproot/petroleum/tr0565.pdf http://www.horizontaldrilling.org/ http://home.versatel.nl/the_sims/rig/lakepeigneur.htm

72. REFERENCES http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=fNq2uKfSvhw&feature= endscreen http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9gGqNUxQ5Q&feature=ends creen&NR=1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells) http://gekengineering.com/Downloads/Free_Downloads/Perforati ng_Basics.pdf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-submersibles http://www.ehow.co.uk/info_8712642_deep-vs-shallow-water- drilling.html http://www.ehow.co.uk/about_4597210_offshore-oil-rigs.html INTERNET 72 http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/images/bop_stac k.jpg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkqpEXy0frE&feature=relat ed http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYTO_0_0ReQ&feature=rel ated http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ntsk1g- 2oY&feature=related http://www.techstreet.com/apigate.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackup_barge

73. 73 INLAND WATER RIGS

74. 74 JACKUP DRILLING RIGS

75. 75 SEMI-SUBMERSIBLES RIGS

76. Deepwater system types (2008) 76

77. 77

78. 78

79. Petroleum Engineer: Reservoir Characterization 79 6 th ! Note that the world understands that “proved” reserves is what’s important…

80. http://www.eia.gov/countries/data.cfm 12 th !

81. Click here to see an Onshore Drilling Rig Set up Animation 81 Petroleum Engineer: Drilling http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=en dscreen&v=qdKIaRHchqc&NR=1 Click here to see learn about casing strings

82. Basic Log Interpretation - Sidewall Core Selection - 82 SPontentialResistivity

84. http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/usshalegas/