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Computer Hardware Chapter 3 McGraw-Hill/IrwinCopyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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3-2 Understand the history and evolution of computer hardware. Identify the major types and uses of microcomputer, midrange, and mainframe computer systems. Outline the major technologies and uses of computer peripherals for input, output, and storage. Learning Objectives
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3-3 Identify and give examples of the components and functions of a computer system. Identify the computer systems and peripherals you would acquire or recommend for a business of your choice, and explain the reasons for your selection. Learning Objectives
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3-4 RWC 1: Do You Know What You’ve Got? Astra Zeneca –Multiple acquisitions with non-standard IT systems –PS’Soft asset Management Conducted life-cycle studies Gained leverage with vendors United Health Group –Unnecessary IT diversity –Hercules desktop management standardizes: Procurement Configuration Installation Life-cycle Asset management
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3-5 Early Computing 1880s –Punched cards turned sensors On or Off 1946 –ENIAC –First Digital computer - programmable –Used vacuum tubes –Would fill room 39 ft by 39 ft Late 1950s –Transistors replaced vacuum tubes –Smaller, faster, cooler
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3-6 Waves of Computing First Generation - Prior to 1950 –Vacuum tubes Second Generation - Late 1950s –Transistors & integrated circuits – Jack Kilby –200,000 to 250,000 calculations per second Third Generation - Mid-1960s –Integrated circuitry and miniaturization Fourth Generation - 1971 –Further miniaturization –Multiprogramming and virtual storage Fifth Generation - 1980s –Millions of calculations per second
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3-7 Age of Microcomputers 1975 –MITS introduced ALTAIR 8800. 1977 –Commodore and Radio Shack 1979 –Apple computer, fastest selling –Steve Jobs & Steve Wozniak 1982 –IBM introduced the PC –Changed the market
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3-8 Categories of Computer Systems
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3-9 Recommended PC Features
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3-10 Corporate PC Criteria Solid performance, reasonable price Operating system ready Connectivity –Network interface cards –Wireless capabilities
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3-11 Information Appliances Hand-held microcomputer devices Known as personal digital assistants (PDAs) –Web-enabled –Touch screens, handwriting recognition, keypads –Access email or the Web –Exchange data with desktop PCs or servers –Latest entrant is the BlackBerry PDAs include –Video-game consoles –Cellular and PCS phones –Telephone-based home email appliances iPhone 4
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3-12 Midrange Systems High-end network servers –Large-scale processing of business applications Not as powerful as mainframes –Less expensive to buy, operate, and maintain Often used to manage –Large Internet websites –Corporate intranets and extranets –Integrated, enterprise-wide applications Used as front-end servers –Assist mainframes with telecommunications and networks
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3-13 Mainframe Computer Systems Large, fast, powerful computer systems –Large primary storage capacity –High transaction processing –Handles complex computations Widely used as superservers for… –Large client/server networks –High-volume Internet websites Becoming popular computing platform for… –Electronic commerce applications –Data mining and warehousing
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3-14 Supercomputer Systems Extremely powerful systems –Scientific, engineering, and business applications –Massive numeric computations Markets include… –Government research agencies –Large universities –Major corporations Uses parallel processing –Billions to trillions of operations per second (gigaflops and teraflops) –Costs $5 to $50 million
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3-15 Computer System Concept
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3-16 Computer Processing Speeds Commonly called “clock speed” Early computers –Milliseconds (thousandths of a second) –Microseconds (millionths of a second) Current computers –Nanoseconds (billionth of a second) –Picoseconds (trillionth of a second) Program instruction processing speeds –Megahertz (millions of cycles per second) –Gigahertz (billions of cycles per second)
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3-17 Moore’s Law
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3-18 RWC 2: Voice Recognition Tools Doctors record to e-medical records Nurses receive instructions record actions Time cut by 75 percent Reduced mistakes ROI 12 to 18 months Transcription $500,000 to zero
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3-19 Peripherals Advice
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3-20 Input Technologies Keyboard Graphical User Interface (GUI) Electronic Mouse Trackball Pointing stick Touchpad Touch screen
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3-21 Pen-Based Computing Used in Tablet PCs and PDAs –Pressure-sensitive layer, similar to touch screen, under liquid crystal display screen –Software digitizes handwriting, hand printing, and hand drawing
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3-22 Speech Recognition Software Digitize, analyze, and classify speech and sound patterns –Compares to sound patterns in its vocabulary –Passes recognized words to the application software Speaker-independent voice recognition systems –Recognizes words from never heard voice –Voice-messaging computers
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3-23 Optical Scanning Converts text or graphics to digital Document management library system Scanners Optical Character Recognition (OCR) –Reads characters and codes –Optical scanning wands
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3-24 Other Input Technologies Magnetic Stripe on credit cards Smart Cards Digital Cameras Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
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3-25 Output Technologies Video Displays –Cathode-ray tube (CRT) –Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) –Plasma displays Printed Output –Dot matrix –Character printers –Inkjet printers spray ink –Laser printers Electrostatic process Similar to a photocopying machine
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3-26 Storage Tradeoffs
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3-27 Representing Characters in Bytes
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3-28 Using Binary Code to Calculate
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3-29 Storage Capacity Measurement Kilobyte (KB): one thousand bytes Megabyte (MB): one million bytes Gigabyte (GB): one billion bytes Terabyte (TB): one trillion bytes Petabyte (PB): one quadrillion bytes
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3-30 Direct and Sequential Access
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3-31 Types of Semiconductor Memory Random Access Memory (RAM) –Most widely used primary storage medium –Volatile memory –Read/write memory Read-Only Memory (ROM) –Permanent storage –Can be read, but not overwritten –Frequently used programs burnt into chips during manufacturing process –Called firmware Flash Drive
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3-32 Flash Drives Jump drive, travel drive, etc. –Small chips thousands of transistors –Stores data virtually unlimited periods without power –Easily transported and highly durable –Storage capacity of up to 20 GB New 1 TB –Plugs into any USB port
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3-33 Direct Access – Magnetic Disk Used for secondary storage –Fast access and high capacity –Reasonable cost
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3-34 RAID Storage Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks –Arrays of hard disk drives –Virtually unlimited online storage –6 to more than 100 small hard disk drives in a single unit –Data are accessed in parallel over multiple paths from many disks –Redundant storage of data on several disks provides fault-tolerant capacity –Storage area networks can interconnect many RAID units
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3-35 Magnetic Tape Secondary storage –Tape reels, cassettes, and cartridges –Used in robotic, automated drive assemblies –Archival and backup storage –Lower-cost storage solution
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3-36 Optical Disks
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3-37 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) One of the newest and fastest growing storage technologies –System for tagging and identifying moving objects Merchandise, postal packages, casino chips, pets –Tag 1 inch square –Chips half the size of a grain of sand Passive chips derive power from reader signal Active chips are self-powered Privacy Issues
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3-38 Predictions for the Future Biological memories Health remedies Longer life spans Virtual activities Memory recall
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3-39 RWC 3: Grid Computing Grid computing –Tapping into available computer power on other systems –Better use of underutilized hardware –Avoid dedicated hardware costs Cancer Institute in New Jersey –Convert hundreds of thousands of images of cancerous tissues and cells into digital images. –Check accuracy –Diagnose and treat cancer patients faster and with more success.
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3-40 RWC 4: Touch Screen Comes of Age The WIMP - Windows, Icons, Menus, and Pointing devices dominated for 15 years. New human interface technologies revolutionize interaction with computers. Microsoft and Starwood Hotels & Resorts introduce surface computing Gesture recognition is logical extension of touch technology
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