1. W EIGHT M ANAGEMENT Chapter 14

2. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. H EALTH R ISKS A SSOCIATED WITH E XCESS B ODY F AT Obesity Is associated with: Unhealthy cholesterol and TG levels Impaired heart function CVD Hypertension Cancer Impaired immune function Gallbladder and kidney disease Skin problems Impotence, sleep disorder back pain, arthritis Type II diabetes (strong association) 2

3. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. B ODY F AT Visceral Fat Subcutaneous Fat Percent Body Fat Definition: 3

4. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. E VALUATING B ODY W EIGHT AND B ODY C OMPOSITION Methods for Evaluating Obesity Body Mass Index (BMI): Calculated by the following equation: Weight in pounds X 703 / Height in inches (squared) Under 18.5 = 18.6 - 24.9 = 25-30 = Over 30 = 4

5. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. M ETHODS OF D ETERMINING P ERCENT B ODY F AT Hydrostatic (underwater) weighing Skinfold measurements Electrical Impedance Analysis 5

6. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. 6

7. E NERGY B ALANCE Energy balance equation: Energy in = caloric intake from food Energy out = caloric expenditure Resting metabolism Digestion Physical activity When energy in = energy out Maintain weight Calories > Energy out positive energy balance (Gain weight over time) Calories < Energy out negative energy balance (Lose weight over time) 7

8. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. B ODY F AT DISTRIBUTION AND H EALTH Apples Pears Assessed by measuring waist circumference 8

9. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. P ROBLEMS A SSOCIATED WITH V ERY L OW L EVELS OF B ODY F AT Low % body fat has been linked to problems with the Reproductive, Circulatory, & Immune systems Female Athlete Triad 1. Abnormal eating patterns 2. Amenorrhea 3. Decreased bone density 9

10. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. F ACTORS C ONTRIBUTING T O E XCESS B ODY F AT Genetic Factors Genes influence body size, shape fat distribution 300 genes have been linked to obesity Physiological Factors Metabolism Low BMR/RMR = Basal/Resting Metabolic Rate (number of calories you'd burn if you stayed in bed all day) Hypothyroidism= Hormones Leptin 10

11. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. F ACTORS C ONTRIBUTING T O E XCESS B ODY F AT Lifestyle Factors Eating Easy access to high calorie foods Eating out of proportion Physical Activity Reduced Psychosocial factors Emotions Coping strategies 11

12. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. P SYCHOLOGICAL P ROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH WEIGHT Body Image Severe body image problems like Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) can exist 12

13. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. E ATING D ISORDERS Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa - Failure to eat enough food to maintain a reasonable body weight – Characteristics Fear gaining weight, distorted self-image, compulsive behaviors and rituals, excessive exercise – Health Risks of Anorexia Nervosa amenorrhea Intolerant of cold Low blood pressure and heart rate Depression and suicide – Medical complications Disorders of the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, endocrine, and skeletal systems 13

14. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. E ATING D ISORDERS Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa - recurring episodes of binge eating followed by purging Characteristics: Rapid food consumption, followed by purging; afterwards feels ashamed, disgusted, physically and emotionally drained. Health Risks: – Erodes tooth enamel – Cardiac arrhythmia – Esophageal tearing – Rupture of the stomach – Menstrual problems – Increased depression 14

15. © 2008 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. E ATING D ISORDERS Binge-Eating Binge-Eating - Similar to Bulimia except no Purging behavior. Characteristics – Eating patterns - very rapid, eating until uncomfortably full. – Often eat as a way of coping. – Likely to be obese. – High rates of depression and anxiety 15