1. Definition of Spacing based on Spacing Reference Point, SRP Presentation of a proposal for a generic definition of spacing to be used for ASAS spacing applications. Most of the work on a spacing definition has been performed by SAS within the frame of NUP I and NUP II. Presented at the ASAS Thematic Network Workshop 07OCT 2003 by: Capt. Michael Agelii, representing Aviator System

2. Spacing Definition based on SRP 2 Need for a definition of spacing Spacing is a defined distance between two aircraft denoted as Leader and Follower In order to measure a distance between the leader and follower in space you must define along which line or curves in space the distance shall be measured. The great circle track between two aircraft is a truly useful representation of spacing only in the special case when both aircraft are flying with the same track and in line. In order to be able to use spacing operationally where aircraft frequently alter their track, we must broaden the definiton to encompass curves in space and track changes. It is an advantage to convert the defined distance to time by using follower ground speed.

3. Spacing Definition based on SRP 3 Basic requirements on a definition of spacing Common to all stakeholders All stakeholders must have the same definition of the spacing dist/time. Operational functionality For maximum benefit spacing should be possible in as many flight situations as possible. Generic Properties The same generic definition should encompass: –”All” ASAS spacing applications (C&P excluded) –Both distance and time definitions –ADS-B and TIS-B technical solutions

4. Spacing Definition based on SRP 4 Spacing only The SRP spacing definition does not provide separation!!!

5. Spacing Definition based on SRP 5 Spacing only The SRP spacing definition is a tool to enhance traffic flow!!!

6. Spacing Definition based on SRP 6 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP Used to derive the spacing distance Ss SRP L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls

7. Spacing Definition based on SRP 7 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (fixed) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss SRPf L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls

8. Spacing Definition based on SRP 8 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss SRPd L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls

9. Spacing Definition based on SRP 9 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (fixed) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss SRPf L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls Let´s start with fixed SRP

10. Spacing Definition based on SRP 10 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (fixed) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss SRPf L F Ls = (L – W1 - SRP) Fs = (F – W1 - SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls W1

11. Spacing Definition based on SRP 11 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (fixed) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss SRPf L F Ls = (L – W3 – W4 - SRP) Fs = (F – W1 - W2 – W3 – W4 - SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls W2 W4 W3 W1

12. Spacing Definition based on SRP 12 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (fixed) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss SRPf L F Ls = (L – W2 – W3 – W4 - SRP) Fs = (F – Y3 – W3 – W4 - SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls W2 W4 W3 W1 Y3

13. Spacing Definition based on SRP 13 Link sequence Sequence determined by AMAN/Controller Spacing executed by indiviual aircraft/pilots Separation monitored by Controller SRP

14. Spacing Definition based on SRP 14 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss SRPd L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls Let´s go on to dynamic SRP

15. Spacing Definition based on SRP 15 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls

16. Spacing Definition based on SRP 16 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls

17. Spacing Definition based on SRP 17 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls

18. Spacing Definition based on SRP 18 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls L-track = 260 dgr F-track = 260 dgr Delta-track = 0 dgr

19. Spacing Definition based on SRP 19 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls L-track = 260 dgr F-track = 260 dgr Delta-track = 0 dgr Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 180 dgr/60 sec

20. Spacing Definition based on SRP 20 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls L-track = 260 dgr F-track = 275 dgr Delta-track = 15 dgr Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 15 dgr/5 sec SRP = 5 sec ahead of target (based on Leader ground speed) 5s5s

21. Spacing Definition based on SRP 21 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls L-track = 260 dgr F-track = 290 dgr Delta-track = 30 dgr Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 30 dgr/10 sec SRP = 10 sec ahead of target 10 s

22. Spacing Definition based on SRP 22 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls L-track = 260 dgr F-track = 320 dgr Delta-track = 60 dgr Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 60 dgr/20 sec SRP = 20 sec ahead of target 20 s

23. Spacing Definition based on SRP 23 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls L-track = 260 dgr F-track = 350 dgr Delta-track = 90 dgr Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 90 dgr/30 sec SRP = 30 sec ahead of target 30 s

24. Spacing Definition based on SRP 24 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls L-track = 260 dgr F-track = 035 dgr Delta-track = 135 dgr Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 135 dgr/45 sec SRP = 45 sec ahead of target 45 s

25. Spacing Definition based on SRP 25 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls L-track = 260 dgr F-track = 080 dgr Delta-track = 180 dgr Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 180 dgr/60 sec SRP = 60 sec ahead of target 60 s

26. Spacing Definition based on SRP 26 Basic Idea Spacing Reference Point SRP (dynamic) Used to derive the spacing distance Ss L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls L-track = 260 dgr F-track = 080 dgr Delta-track = 180 dgr Standard rate turn = 3 dgr/sec = 180 dgr/60 sec SRP = 60 sec ahead of target 60 s

27. Spacing Definition based on SRP 27 2T algorithm Two Turn distance algorithm Used to derive the spacing distance Ss closer to real flight path L F Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Ss = Fs - Ls 60 s Let´s introduce curves

28. Spacing Definition based on SRP 28 2T algorithm The ”Two Turn” distance algorithm has been developed in a thesis by mathematics student Robert Lundmark on assignment by SAS within the framework of NUP II. The complete thesis can be downloaded from the NUP webside at: www.nup.nu Documents/General Documents/sep-algo www.nup.nu

29. Spacing Definition based on SRP 29 2T algorithm The shortest possible way to fly from follower position to leader position and end up in the same direction is at most via two turns and a straight line.

30. Spacing Definition based on SRP 30 2T algorithm The shortest possible way to fly from follower position to leader position and end up in the same direction is at most via two turns and a straight line. Leader position can of course be substituted by SRPd

31. Spacing Definition based on SRP 31 2T distance algorithm using SRPd Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls +

32. Spacing Definition based on SRP 32 2T distance algorithm using SRPd Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls +

33. Spacing Definition based on SRP 33 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

34. Spacing Definition based on SRP 34 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

35. Spacing Definition based on SRP 35 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

36. Spacing Definition based on SRP 36 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

37. Spacing Definition based on SRP 37 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

38. Spacing Definition based on SRP 38 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

39. Spacing Definition based on SRP 39 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

40. Spacing Definition based on SRP 40 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

41. Spacing Definition based on SRP 41 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

42. Spacing Definition based on SRP 42 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

43. Spacing Definition based on SRP 43 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

44. Spacing Definition based on SRP 44 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

45. Spacing Definition based on SRP 45 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

46. Spacing Definition based on SRP 46 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

47. Spacing Definition based on SRP 47 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

48. Spacing Definition based on SRP 48 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

49. Spacing Definition based on SRP 49 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

50. Spacing Definition based on SRP 50 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

51. Spacing Definition based on SRP 51 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

52. Spacing Definition based on SRP 52 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

53. Spacing Definition based on SRP 53 Ls = (L – SRP) Fs = (F – 2T algorithm - SRP) Spacing = Fs - Ls + 2T distance algorithm using SRPd

54. Spacing Definition based on SRP 54 Operational applicability of SRPd Merging In managed or unmanaged airspace in order to establish the desired spacing in the required sequence. Spacing Spacing to TIS-B aircraft Spacing to aircraft not flying a predefined route

55. Spacing Definition based on SRP 55 Input data to the definition of Ss Leader input data (ADS-B/TIS-B) –Position –Track –Velocity (GS) –Distance to SRP Ls (fixed SRP only) –SRPf (fixed SRP only) Follower input data (onboard + ADS-B for ground) –Position –Track –Velocity (GS) –Distance to SRP Fs –SRPf (fixed SRP only)

56. Spacing Definition based on SRP 56 Addition to basic ADS-B data (for fixed SRP only) Distance to SRP (Ls) –Broadcast as extension to data –Distance to SRP as 10 bit info (99.9) SRP –Broadcast as extension to data –SRP as lat, long or Nav database reference

57. Spacing Definition based on SRP 57 Operational applicability with SRP In-Trail STAR (incl. diff STAR)ADS-B Straight and curvedADS-BTIS-B Merging Merging STARsADS-B Free space mergingADS-BTIS-B

58. Spacing Definition based on SRP 58 The Spacing Algorithm (highlevel)  Define SRP method  Select SRP method to be used  Define distances to SRPf 2.Retrieve Follower distance to SRP from FMS 3.Retrieve Leader distance to SRP from ADS-B data or  Define distances to SRPd 2.Calculate Leader distance to SRP 3.Calculate Follower distance to SRP  Derive spacing distance and time 4.Compare Leader dist to SRP with Follower distance to SRP 5.Convert spacing distance to spacing time by dividing with follower GS

59. Spacing Definition based on SRP 59 Thank You Remember! This is not a final definition of spacing …but – It may be a starter!!!