1. Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 1 Permeability of Bulk Wood Pellets in Storage Biomass & Bioenergy Research Group (BBRG) Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of British Columbia (UBC) 50th Annual Conference/Conférence Annuelle

2. OUTLINE: - Introduction - Objective - Experimental Apparatus - Materials and Methods - Results and Discussion - Conclusion - Acknowledgment 2 Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver

3. Introduction - Wood pellets definition and properties: - Compacted biomass to increase density making it more economical to store and transport. - Made from sawdust and planer shavings - Natural resins and lignin in wood bind the loose particles together - Common diameter is 6 mm and the length varies up to 30 mm - Particle density of about 1.2 g/cm 3 - Bulk density of pellets may range from 600 to 750 kg m -3 - Moisture content of pellets is in the range of 5-7% wet mass basis (wb) Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 3

4. 4 Moist and warm wood pellets are prone to spoil during storage. Aeration and cooling is one of the best ways to control wood pellets temperature and moisture content during storage. Data on resistance of wood pellets as bulk to airflow are needed for design and control of ventilation, cooling and drying of pellets.

5. - Wood pellets storage: - Flat bottom warehouse to a large upright flat or hopper bottom steel or concrete silo - Wood pellets are shipped as bulk in large trucks, railcars, or in holds of ocean- going vessels - Break during successive handlings between storage and transport equipment - The mixture made up of unbroken pellets, broken pellets and dust creates a non- homogenous media affects the shelf-life of pellets while in storage - Maintain stored pellets cool and dry and uniform in temperature - Forced ventilation is a management tool to prevent excessive concentration of toxic gases such as CO, CO2 and CH4. - Self heating of wood pellets. Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 5

6. 6 -ε is porosity of bulk solids (fraction) -V is air velocity (m/s) -µ is air viscosity (Pa.s) -ρ is air density (kg/m 3 ) -  is a shape factor -d v (m) is a characteristics dimension of the particle -∆P is pressure drop (Pa) -L is bed depth (m) -V is airflow rate (m s-1) -a, b are constants -∆P is pressure drop (Pa) -L is bed depth (m) -V is airflow rate (m s-1) -A and B are constants develop equations that relate differential static pressures in a column of bulk wood pellets subject to forced airflow (The tested airflows range from a low velocity to near fluidization velocity) OBJECTIVE

7. Experimental Apparatus - Cylindrical pellet container and instruments for measuring the flow rates and static pressure - Introducing air from the bottom of the cylinder - Uniform entry air to the container by the plenum that contained plastic rings of air into the container. - Centralized compressed air generating station at UBC - Two float in-line flow meters cover a wide range of flow rates. - Low-range flow meter to measured the air flow rate between 0.0142 to 0.1072 ms -1 - High-range flow meter to measured air flow rates up to 0.7148 ms-1 - Using an inclined manometer (Model 26 Mark II, Dwyer Instrument Inc.) for preliminary tests and a digital manometer (Model HHP-103, Omega Engineering Inc.) for subsequent tests Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 7

8. 8 Materials and Methods - Two different types of white wood pellets - Sample 1 was clean wood pellets 6 mm in diameter on average - vertical shaker (Model TM-3, Gilson Company, Inc.), we screened wood pellets to two different length categories - The first batch had a length greater than 6.7 mm (L>6.7mm). The second batch had a length in the range of 4mm<L<6.7mm Sample 1Sample 2 Wood speciesSpruce saw dust Diameter (mm)6.47 (6.35-6.7 )6.14 ( 6.37-6.49) Length (mm) 14.77 (10.86- 27.87 ) 14.04 (10.59-20.42) Moisture content (%)4.674.80 Durability (%)58.1 (57.2-59.5 )73.4 Loose bulk density (kg m -3 ) 804.7 (clean) 761.57 (mixed with 14.6% fines) Specific gravity (g/cm 3 )1.171.13

9. - The single particle density of a wood pellet was determined using Multi Pycnometer Quantachrome (Model MVP-D160-E) - Pellet dimensions such as length and diameter were measured using electronic verneir scale. - Bulk density measurement of wood pellets was determined according to a slight modification of ASAE Standard S269.4 DEC 01 (ASAE 2007). - Durability was measured using a DURAL tester developed at the University of Saskatchewan for testing alfalfa cubes and pellets Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 9

10. RESULT AND DISSCUSSION The air flow resistance of agricultural products is presented in the form of pressure drop per unit depth of material vs. airflow rate Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 10 - Air flow ranges between 0.0142 to 0.7148 ms-1 - Larger size led to lower pressure drop. - Pellets (L>6.7mm) the pressure drop did not exceed 955 Pa/m - Shorter pellets (4 mm<L<6.7 mm), the pressure drop increased to 2450 Pa/m - Pressure drop for a mixture of lengths fell in between these two extremes - For pellets with 4 mm<L<6.7 mm, the bulk density is 6.5% greater than those with mixed sizes (10.86 mm<L< 27.87mm). - Wood pellets with L>6.7mm, the bulk density decreased by 19.4% in comparison with the mixed bulk.

11. Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 11 The lower the bulk density is, the lower the pressure drop we would have Resistance of white wood pellets with different sizes to airflow - For pellets (L>6.7mm) the pressure drop did not exceed 955 Pa/m - For pellets (4 mm<L<6.7 mm), the pressure drop increased to 2450 Pa/m - For mixture of lengths the pressure drop fell in between these two extremes

12. Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 12 Resistance of two kinds of white wood pellets with different bulk densities to airflow for mixed sizes sample with a larger bulk density, the maximum pressure drop was 6500 Pa/m while for lower bulk density the maximum pressure drop was 2400 Pa/m.

13. Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 13 Constants a and b in equation ASABE presented -Constants a and b in the following equation were estimated using experimental data and EXCEL solver -The average pressure drop of three replicates was used in the estimation

14. - Constants A and B in Brooker equation were also estimated using experimental data and EXCEL solver. - The average pressure drop of three replicates was used in the estimation. Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 14 Constants A and B in Brooker equation

15. Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 15 -Plotting pressure drop against two airflow ranges. (low range and higher range) - Left Figure shows the low range up to 0.15 m s -1 and the right one shows up to 1 m s -1 range. - The low range indicated a linear relation between flow and pressure drop. - For high airflow rate the relation was not linear. - This observation validates Ergun’s equation that the pressure drop is related to the air flow by a first order function for viscous laminar flow. The second order function of flow rate for higher air flow rates becomes non linear and turbulent. - Once the fluid flow surpasses the fluidization point, the Ergun equation will not be applicable Verifying Ergun equation

16. Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 16 Resistance of white wood pellets to low laminar airflow Resistance of white wood pellets to high turbulent air flow Verifying Ergun equation

17. CONCLUSION Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 17 The resistance of wood pellets was measured as a function of wood pellet sizes and moisture content. Smaller wood pellets had the highest resistance. Increasing the size of wood pellets or using a mixture of different sizes decreased the resistance. Therefore the preliminary results for wood chips showed the lower resistance for low airflow rates than the wood pellets. However the moisture content did not influence the pressure drop significantly. The wood pellets resistance should be measured as a function of bulk density, filling method, and percentage of fines as well.

18. ACKNOWLEDGMENT NSERC ( Natutal Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada) and Wood Pellet Association of Canada for financial support and Fiberco Inc. for donating wood pellets for this project. Fahimeh Yazdanpanah, CSBE Conference, July 13-16, 2008 North Vancouver 18