1. Memory

2. Encoding, Retrieval, and Recall

3. Types of Memory (Explicit)(Implicit)

4. Context-Dependent Memory (based on experience)

5. Context-Dependent Memory (based on current state)

6. Emotional Memory

7. Motor Memory

8. Neural Control of Memory

9. The Hippocampus and Related Structures Parahippocampal Cortex (Green) Entorhinal Cotrex (Blue) Dentate Gyrus (Purple) CA3 (Purple) CA1 (Purple) Subiculum Principles of Neuroscience (4 th Edition): Chapter 59

10. Neuronal Signaling Within Hippocampus Predicts Recall vs. Forgetting

11. Hippocampal Morphology as a Result of Experience

12. Amnesia Retrograde: can’t remember (recall) life before injury Anterograde: can’t remember (encode) life after injury –All types of memory affected although these two distinctions largely refer to episodic memory Patient HM was the most rigorously studied amnesiac

13. Patient HM In the summer of 1953, Henry Gustav Molaison (1926-2008) underwent brain surgery to contain epileptic seizures that had become critically debilitating. The intervention brought some relief from convulsions, but these positive results were overshadowed by an astonishing and indelible side effect. Soon after the operation, it became apparent that he could no longer recognize hospital staff, he did not remember the way home, he did not remember newspaper articles he had just read, nor the crossword puzzles he had solved; otherwise, he was completely normal. Since the time of the surgery, more than five decades of scrupulous neuropsychological research examined the nature of patient H.M.'s amnesia which proved to be both persistent and remarkably selective. The goal of our project is to provide a window into the brain of the man who helped establish the scientific study of memory and unfailingly forgot the enormously generous contribution he made to medical research. Check out “Project HM”: http://thebrainobservatory.ucsd.edu/hm http://thebrainobservatory.ucsd.edu/hm

14. Brain of an Amnesiac (Large Loss of Hippocampus)

15. Amnesiac Performance on Implicit Memory Tasks Squire et al. 1987

16. Amnesiac Performance on Explicit Memory Tasks This is data from patient HM

17. Memory Tests in Non-Humans Morris Water Maze

18. Hippocampal-Lesioned Mice Perform Poorly on MWM

20. Neural Control of Memory Medial Temporal LobeStriatum Neocortex

21. Dementia It’s a syndrome, not a disease Multiple types of dementia across a spectrum of severity –Alzheimer’s, HIV- induced, Parkinson’s, Rasmussen’s encephalitis, chronic traumatic brain injury, to name a few

22. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuronal Identifier #1: Neurofibrillary Tangles

23. Alzheimer’s Disease Neuronal Identifier #2: Beta-amyloid Plaques