1. Fungicide Resistance Action Committee FRAC founded in 1982
Andy Leadbeater
Chairman FRAC Steering Committee
Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Basel, Switzerland
FRAC Presentation 2014

2. Fungicide Resistance Action Committee
FRAC is a Specialist Technical Group of CropLife International.
An inter-company committee dedicated to prolonging the effectiveness of fungicides liable to encounter resistance problems and to limit crop damage during the emergence of resistance.
FRAC is managed by the FRAC Steering Committee .
FRAC Technical reviews, strategy determination and recommendations are carried out by Working Groups (WG) and Expert Fora (EF).

3. Purpose of FRAC (Founded 1982)
The main goal of FRAC is to provide resistance management advice and guidelines and thereby sustain the effectiveness of “at risk” fungicides
FRAC represents a centre of knowledge and expertise, and seeks via effective networking with independent bodies to actively promote effective resistance management.
FRAC offers a wide range of services (publications, FRAC code lists, methods, training) to assist researchers, advisors and growers.
Key route for communication is the FRAC website:

4. List of FRAC International member companies
BASF
Bayer Crop Science
Cheminova
Dow
DuPont
FMC
Isagro
KI Chemical
Makhteshim
Syngenta
Note: Several other companies are represented in regional groups

5. Organisation of FRAC FRAC Int’l Chairman SBI CAA Fungicides FungicidesSC
FRAC
Int’l Chairman
Andy Leadbeater WG
SBI
Fungicides
Klaus Stenzel WG
CAA
Fungicides
Gerd Stammler WG
QoI
Fungicides
Andy Leadbeater WG
SDHI
Fungicides
Kristin Klappach
Mode of Action
Expert Panel
Dietrich Hermann WG
Azanaphthalene
Fungicides
Greg Kemmitt WG
FRAC
Bananas
Helge Sierotski RG
NA FRAC
Gilberto Olaya RG
FRAC Japan
Kentaro Tanabe RG
FRAC Brazil
Rafael Pereira
New ! RG
FRAC South Africa
Willem Van de Pypekamp
QiI Task Force
Satoshi Araki WG
Anilino-
Pyrimidines
Andreas Mehl EF
Phenyl-
amides
Dietrich Hermann EF
Dicarbox-
imides
Andreas Mehl EF
Benz-
imidazoles
Jean-Luc Genet
SC Steering Committee
WG Working Group
EF Expert Forum
RG Regional FRAC Group

6. NORBARAG Nordics/Baltics
Outreach to other national groups
NORBARAG Nordics/Baltics
FRAG NL Netherlands
FRAG UK
AFPP WG France
ECPR-F Germany
FRG
India
FRMRG
Australia

7. FRAC Steering Committee 2014
Mr. A. Leadbeater Syngenta Crop Protection Chairman FRAC, Chairman QoI Fungicides WG Dr. K. Stenzel Bayer CropScience Vice Chairman,Chairman SBI Fungicides WG Mrs B. Forster Syngenta Crop Protection Secretary, Treasurer Dr. L. Hoffmann Dupont Communication and Website Officer Dr. G. Kemmitt Dow Agrosciences Chairman Azanaphthalene WG Dr. A Mehl Bayer CropScience Chairman Anilinopyrimidines WG, Dicarboximide expert forum Dr. G. Stammler BASF Chairman CAA Fungicides WG Dr. K. Klappach BASF Chairwoman SDHI Fungicides WG Dr. H Sierotzki Syngenta Crop Protection Chairman Banana WG Mr. J.L. Genet Dupont Chairman Benzimidazoles Expert Forum Dr. D. Hermann Syngenta Crop Protection Chairman Mode of Action Expert Group, . Phenylamides Expert Forum Dr. K. Tanabe Nippon Soda, Japan Representative Japan, Chairman QiI Task Force Mr. G. Olaya Syngenta, USA Representative North America Dr. R. Pereira BASF Brazil Representative Brazil

8. FRAC works proactively
Seeking scientific knowledge
Carrying out science in resistance, in the member companies, with universities, extension scientists, governments, EPPO, etc etc.
Constantly monitoring populations, sharing knowledge
Working with other experts to give best advice on disease management and fungicide resistance management strategies

9. FRAC – Outreach, Influence and Politics
FRAG
Country Groups
FRAC Regional Groups
FAO
FRAC
International
Advisors
Advisory Services
EPPO
Universities / Institutes
Researchers
National Authorities
Growers /
Grower Organisations

10. FRAC WEBSITE – www.FRAC.info

11. FRAC WEBSITE – www.FRAC . info

12. FRAC Methods
In a joint effort to create standardized methods, members of different FRAC Working Groups have reviewed and collected detailed, ready-to-use bioassay techniques to monitor fungal pathogens of economic importance.
The following requirements were considered while establishing these techniques:
The method must be robust, reliable and repeatable
It must be as simple as possible to operate in terms of technology and user skills
It should be as cheap to operate as possible and capable of a high throughput in a short time
The data obtained must be able to be related to sensitivity responses in the field

13. Fungicide Resistance Risk Assessment
Combined Risk includes Agronomic Risk:
Fungicide
Risk
Pathogen
Risk
Overall
Resistance
Risk
Agronomic
Risk

14. Overall risk is a combination of pathogen risk x fungicide risk x agronomic risk
High risk
Benzimidazoles
QoIs
Phenylamides 3 3 6 9 1
High risk
1,5 3
4,5
0,5
Medium risk
0,75
1,5
2,25
0,25
Low Risk
Medium risk
Carboxanilides
DMIs / APs
Morpholines
MBI-D
Phenylpyrrols 2 2 4 6 1
High risk 1 2 3
0,5
Medium risk
0,5 1
1,5
0,25
Low Risk
Low Risk
Multi sites
MBI-R
Resistance Ind.
0,5
0,5 1
1,5 1
High risk
0,25
0,5
0,75
0,5
Medium risk
0,125
0,25
0,375
0,25
Low Risk 1 2 3
Fungicide
Risk
Agronomic
Risk
Low Risk
Rhizoctonia
Rusts
Soil borne fungi
Smuts & Bunts
Medium Risk
Eyespot
Septoria tritici
Rhyncho-
Sporium
Phytophthora
High Risk
Botrytis
Erysiphe
Pyricularia
Venturia
Plasmopar
Phytophthora PAa
Pathogen
Risk
Pathogen
Risk
Kuck 2005

15. It gives a statement on resistance risk for the MoA.
The FRAC MOA Code List
The "FRAC List" is a classification of the active ingredients of fungicides, bactericides and other disease control agents according to Mode of Action (MoA)
It gives a statement on resistance risk for the MoA.
It gives no information on specific products or disease control efficacy.
It gives no "approval" for a product for its value in resistance management.

16. FRAC Mode of Action Poster 2014 (www.frac.info)
>200 fungicides, 57 MOA groups

17. Mode of Action Classification
The annually updated list of fungicides according to mode of action (MoA) is a key document provided by FRAC (#1 accessed on
To ensure consolidated input on classification for new inclusions to the list or on changes in mode of action classification, a FRAC MoA expert panel has been formed, consisting of nominated key scientists.

18. FRAC Mode of Action Panel
Founded in 2012 to support the FRAC steering committee on matters relating the scientific evaluation of matters related to inclusion or changes of antifungal agents on the FRAC Mode of Action code list and related publications
Key objectives are:
Scientific evaluation of information on mode of action provided by manufacturers
Liase with manufacturers, licensees or other responsible organizations in order to agree the mode of action of new agents
Review new literature to pro-actively challenge current classification in the list (we are open for external inputs)
The panel operates without face to face meetings and is represented by the chairperson on the FRAC steering committee
Current membership:
Members are typically recognized experts in the field of mode of action
Nominated by members of the FRAC SC within their companies
Could also be non industry experts
Chair D. Hermann Syngenta
Andy Corran Syngenta
Helmut Schiffer BASF
James Sweigand DuPont
Klaus Tietjen Bayer
David Young Dow

19. Fungicides in the same group are cross-resistant
Fungicides in different groups are NOT cross-resistant

20. SDHI Fungicides

21. Microbials, plant extracts

22. FRAC Mode of Action Classification
FRAC does not make product recommendations or endorsements.
Inclusion of a fungicide / natural product / biological in the list is purely a technical classification according to mode of action based upon scientific data.
It is not an "Approval" by FRAC.
It is not an endorsement by FRAC that any products based upon the active ingredient are "valuable for resistance management".
Inclusion in the FRAC list should not be used in promotional / advertising material by companies.

23. Resistance Management Strategies
Use of good plant protection practice
resistant crop cultivars, non-chemical control, husbandry systems, crop rotations, tillage systems, efficient application.
Application of Plant Protection Products
limit the number of applications of a chemical class (mode of action = MOA) to reduce selection pressure*.
restrict application timing to the optimum for pest control.
respect the recommended use rate.
Use of Mixtures and Alternations
* limiting number of application is most effective when used in combination with mixtures / alternations of different MOAs.
mixture / alternation partners must be a different MOA and effective.
mixtures / alternations reduce the selection pressure and provide more robust disease control
resistance risk declines as number / area of applications with the product declines.
relies upon a diversity of modes of action being available for a target disease.

24. Fungicides and Mixtures (ref. FRAC 2010)
Mixtures (tank-mix or co-formulations) are supported by FRAC, as are alternations.
No clear data that alternation or mixture is better than the other
Mixture is easier to "ensure" and therefore better "stewardship"
Appropriate mixtures can;
give broader spectrum disease control,
ensure more effective control (combine fungicide properties)
avoid of disease control failure (security of control),
manage the occurrence and impact of resistance
Mixtures may be a better strategy in situations where there are limited options for alternations (small number of sprays in a programme)
Mixtures particularly valuable where resistance declines between seasons

25. Fungicide Mixtures – FRAC
A key requirement for any mixture product applied to manage resistance is that the components of the mixture must not be cross-resistant and the dose rates of each component used in the mixture should provide sufficient control of sensitive isolates when used alone.
the mixture must be carefully balanced based on the individual properties of each mixing partner (e.g. lasting effect, dose response curve, etc.)
Presence or absence of resistance to one component of the mixture impacts the recommendations (aim to keep R-frequency low)

26. FRAC Guidance 2010

27. Conclusions
FRAC supports proactive resistance management using all the tools available in an integrated approach
We actively support and invest in research to make scientific progress in areas such as resistance risk, effectiveness of strategies, and addressing other issues
FRAC supports the use of FRAC codes in product labelling
FRAC supports outreach to officials, advisers, local RAG groups

28. Conclusions
Several factors threaten to work against maintaining resistance management e.g. Increasing regulatory requirements, food chain requirements.
These have reduced available modes of action for mixtures, alternations, and have increased costs to find new ones.
FRAC is working with officials and authorities to raise the importance of resistance management and to seek solutions.