1. North and South Take Different Paths
Chapter 11
North and South Take Different Paths

2. Warm up (Briefly answer all 3 questions…we will discuss as a class.)
Questions: 1. Before stores and factories, how did people get materials that they needed? 2. What daily household items would be the most difficult to make/build? 3. How have factories made life easier?

3. Answer:
1. Before stores and factories, how did people get materials that they needed?
A: hand made, traded with neighbors
2. What daily household items would be the most difficult to make/build?
A: clothes, furniture, dishes
3. How have factories made life easier?
A: They mass produce items, cheaper, faster

4. The Industrial Revolution
Section 1

5. What was the Industrial Revolution?
The Industrial Revolution was a time when new inventions and new lifestyles ruled. These new inventions made factories much more important. Machines took the place of hand tools. Along with the new inventions came the increased desire for city life and factory jobs. Production and transportation became faster and easier too!

6. Industrial Revolution
During the Industrial Revolution, people moved from working in homes and farms  to working in mills and earning wages.
This was brought on by new ways of working as well as new ways of producing goods.

7. Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution began in New England
New Hampshire
Vermont
Massachusetts
Rhode Island
Connecticut

8. Industrial Revolution
Why New England?
The poor soil
The many rivers and streams
Geographical location (coal and iron)
Sea ports
Money

9. In Great Britain, they developed…
New Technology
In Great Britain, they developed…
Spinning jenny and the water frame 
spun thread
Power loom  wove the thread into cloth
Saves time and money!

10. Inventions
The Spinning Jenny
Powered Loom

11. Steam Power
Factories had to be built near a water source to operate, but during the dry season the machines didn’t have power.
To solve this problem a steam engine was designed to allow factories to be built anywhere.
Sir Richard Arkwright

12. Lowell's Mills
Francis Cabot Lowell
A wealthy man, who went to Great Britain brought factory systems to the United States
A factory system = bringing manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency. They used mass production & interchangeable parts to increase production.

13. Lowell Girls
80% of the workers in Lowell’s mills were young unmarried women between the ages of 15-30
Conditions were poor:
Low wage
Long hours
Monotonous work

14. Interchangeable Parts
Eli Whitney
Interchangeable parts were uniform parts made in large quantities that could replace any other identical pieces
Created interchangeable parts while trying to meet a manufacturing deadline.
Leads to mass production and reduction in cost.

15. Children In Factories
Prior to the Ind. Rev. kids worked on family farms.
Once factories were created, children worked many hours in the factories.
Kids as young as 7 worked in unsafe conditions and had no chance to go to school.

16. Factory Conditions Factory conditions were horrible. No fresh air
Dangerous machines
On the job injuries didn’t get compensated

17. Warm up:
Question:
Why were the Lowell Mills important to the American economy?

18. Answer:
Lowell Mills created a factory system. A factory system brought manufacturing steps together in one place to increase efficiency. They used mass production & interchangeable parts to increase production.

19. Mill Times Movie

20. Warm up:
How did the creation of mills change small towns in New England?

21. Answer:
Small towns started to grow around the mills. Citizens started to find jobs in the mills.

22. Section 2
The North Transformed

23. City Life Huge population growth in the cities (urbanization)
People moved to the cities to get jobs in factories
Lead to problems like:
- Overcrowding
- Disease
- Pollution
- Risk of fire
- Lack of clean drinking water

24. City life was dirty and overcrowded
What do you think the ditch in the center of the photo was used for?

25. Economy North: relied on industry and technology
South: slavery and cotton was their foundation

26. Industry North: South:
Many new inventions allowed the North to produce things efficiently
South:
Agriculture was profitable
Industry was of little use
There was only a small market for manufactured goods
“We want no manufactures; we desire no trading, no mechanical or manufacturing classes. As long as we have our rice, our sugar, our tobacco and our cotton, we can command wealth to purchase all we want.”

27. Communication North: South: Printing press invented
mass production of newspapers
The telegraph was invented (by: Samuel F.B. Morse)
Ran along railroads
Allowed quick communication
South:
due to the limited amount of railways
Less telegraph lines and worse communication than the North

29. Agriculture & Manufacturing
Important inventions:
Mechanized reaper (by: Cyrus McCormick)
Steel-tipped plow (by: John Deere)
The sewing machine (by: Howe & Singer)

30. Transportation New water transportation New land transportation
Steamboat (by: Robert Fulton)
Clipper ships
New land transportation
Railroads (Baltimore & Ohio R.R.)
North: all railroads
interconnected
South: short, only connected
small towns

31. A New Wave of Immigrants
Who came and why?
The Great Hunger in Ireland
(Over 1 million came to the U.S.)
German Revolutionaries (After failed revolutions many came to the U.S.)
Nativists
Mostly American-born Protestants
They feared foreigners…especially Irish, Roman-Catholics
The Know-Nothing political party rose in NYC, policies against foreigners

33. African Americans in the North
Distribution of slaves
African Americans
Faced discrimination in all areas of life
Low wages
No suffrage (right to vote)
No free public schools
Not allowed to work in factories or in skilled trades
Segregated schools, public facilities, and churches
Census Year
# Slaves
# Free blacks
Total black
 % free blacks
Total US population
 % black of total
1790
697,681
59,527
757,208
7.9%
3,929,214
19%
1800
893,602
108,435
1,002,037
10.8%
5,308,483
1810
1,191,362
186,446
1,377,808
13.5%
7,239,881
1820
1,538,022
233,634
1,771,656
13.2%
9,638,453
18%
1830
2,009,043
319,599
2,328,642
13.7%
12,860,702
1840
2,487,355
386,293
2,873,648
13.4%
17,063,353
17%
1850
3,204,313
434,495
3,638,808
11.9%
23,191,876
16%
1860
3,953,760
488,070
4,441,830
11.0%
31,443,321
14%
1870
4,880,009
100%
38,558,371
13%
Source:

34. Warm up:
Question: What was difficult about living in the city in the 1800’s? Name 3 things.

35. Answer:
Problems for people living in the cities: - Overcrowding - Disease - Pollution - Risk of fire - Lack of clean drinking water

36. Section 3
The Plantation South

37. Agriculture Expansion
As the North became more urban and industrialized the South remained rural…
1. Textile boom…created a huge demand for cotton
2. Invention of the cotton gin…produced more cotton
Plenty of fertile land
Slaves
Cotton Gin
High demand for
products (North)

38. New Technology
In the United States…
Oliver Evans
Eli Whitney

39. New Technology
In the United States…
Oliver Evans
Eli Whitney
Mechanical flour mill  Only needed two people to run it.
(one to empty the bag of wheat and one to roll away the barrels of flour)
Now 1 = 50!
Cotton Gin  a simple machine that quickly removed the cotton seed from the fiber.

40. The Cotton Gin
Cheaper to clean makes it possible to make money off of it!!!

41. Farms vs. Plantations Farms (50-200 acres) Plantations (1,000 acres)
Tenant farmers
Rented land to farm
Owned by Yeomen (men who did not own slaves)
Largest group of white men in the south
Plantations (1,000 acres)
Domestic slaves
Field workers
Plantation owners
Goal: to earn profit
Plantation wives
Supervised buildings and kept records

42. Slavery developed in the South because of the need for cheap labor.
Cotton picking in Mississippi

43. The Life of a Slave
European slave traders in Africa did not seize land from natives and colonize the coast, as they did in their New World settlements. Instead, they established special relationships with local chieftains, who allowed them to maintain trading forts along the coast. Local Africans, rather than the Europeans themselves, acquired and supplied slaves to the white traders.

44. African tribes would win wars and sell the captives of the losing tribe into slavery. The first slaves were brought to America in 1619 and typically they had a master for seven years before they were free. However, farmers soon needed slaves for large plantations so they started to buy them for life. 

45. The Life of a Slave
Slaves were crowded on to ships and brought over to America on Triangle Trade routes.

46. SLAVERY Family Work Families were often separated by sales.
Slaves worked from sun up to sun down.
Kids: carried water and easy chores
Elders: cared for young and did light chores
Everyone else: fields
1 out of 4 families in the South owned slaves
1 out of 7 families owned 10 or more

47. Living Conditions HOMES for slaves were called slave cabins
-Mud floors
-About 12 to a room
-Very dirty

48. Life as a Slave Slave Auction: slaves were bought and sold
MARRIAGE:“until death or distance do you part”
CULTURE: large families, clothing, songs, dance

49. Life as a Slave
PROTESTING: Worked slowly, faked illness, burned buildings, broke tools, made animals lame, escaped
(ALL resulted in punishment )

50. Additional African
American Issues
Free African Americans- they faced many problems and were denied basic rights.
Slave Codes- laws that controlled every aspect of an enslaved person’s life.
Resistance to slavery- Nat Turner led a revolt in About 60 whites were killed in the revolt.

51. Warm up:
Question: Who invented the cotton gin and what did it do?

52. Answer:
Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin in The cotton gin’s crank turned a cylinder that drew cotton fibers, but not cotton seeds, through small slots.

53. The Challenges of Growth
Section 4
The Challenges of Growth

54. Moving West
Daniel Boone and a group of 30 men cleared the Wilderness Road. It allowed people to cross the Appalachian Mts. and travel westward.
From states joined the Union:
Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Louisiana, Indiana, Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama

55. Roads and Turnpikes (toll roads)
Farmers and merchants needed a faster way to move their goods to market.
Private companies started to build toll roads. ($)
Corduroy roads were also built in marshy areas. (Logs laid side by side)
The National Road (1st federally funded) road began in 1811 in Maryland and stretched to Illinois by Travel from East to West became easier.

57. Canals This was the fastest and cheapest way to transport goods.
Major rivers ran N S, the goal was to build the canals from E W to connect waterways
N.Y. Gov. Clinton decided that a canal should be built to connect the Hudson River to Lake Erie. (Locks were necessary)
Canals spurred Midwest business and they were built everywhere.

59. The Extension of Slavery
Slave and Free States-In 1819 there were 11 free states and 11 slaves states BUT Missouri had been trying to become a state since 1817.
Question-How should Missouri be admitted; slave or free state? The North and South fought over the issue! (Balance of the Senate)

60. The Missouri Compromise
Henry Clay proposed a solution to the problem.
Adopt Maine as a free state, adopt Missouri as a slave state and use the southern border of Missouri as a dividing line. N=free and S=slave for states added from the rest of the Louisiana Territory.
Slave owners could also capture run away slaves in free territory.
BUT…should Congress have the power to make decisions about slavery?

61. The Missouri Compromise

62. Warm Up: Question: What was one mode of transportation for a pioneer family heading west? Explain a positive and negative for your mode of transportation.
Illinois Central Railroad

63. Answer: Wagons- Positives- accessible, most people had them
Negatives- broke easily, hard to go over the mountains
Steamboats-
Positives-improved the transport of goods and passengers along major rivers, shipping goods became cheaper and faster, contributed to the growth of river cities
Negative-didn’t have enough power to withstand the strong currents and shifting winds found in large rivers
Rail Roads/Trains-
Positive- fast, fairly cheap
Negative- didn’t go everywhere

64. Warm Up:
Question: Why was the Missouri Compromise important?

65. Answer: It temporarily settled the debate over slavery in the U.S.
Details of the Compromise:
Adopt Maine as a free state, adopt Missouri as a slave state and use the southern border of Missouri as a dividing line. N=free and S=slave for states added from the rest of the Louisiana Territory.
Slave owners could also capture run away slaves in free territory.

66. Warm up:
Question: Why did the North and the South take different paths? Tip: Look at your worksheet from yesterday to help you answer this question. 
Great Olympian Cotton Mill
in Georgia

67. Answer:
As business grew, the North focused on industrialized products and jobs that could be done all year round. (Lowell Mills, interchangeable parts) As cash crops flourished the South began to spend more efforts on the crops that would make them money, often over the crops that provided food. (cotton, tobacco)

68. Test Day
Please put projects on your desk and be ready to turn them in. Make sure your name is on your project.