2. 1. What are minerals made of? 2. How are minerals formed? 3. How does the elemental composition change the properties of minerals?

4. ATTACK! What does it mean? What is confusing?

5. Inorganic The building blocks of rocks. Found in the earth and are naturally occurring substances. They are found in dirt, rocks, and water. They are not made by man. Usually solid crystals About 2,000 minerals have been found. Some minerals are rare and expensive. They are called gems.

6.  Smallest unit of an element.

7.  An element is a substance that is made entirely from one type of atom.  It cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by chemical methods.

8.  A substance that results when the atoms of two or more elements are chemically combined.

9.  Not made of living organisms or the remains of living organisms.

10.  This is a process in which crystals are formed. It has to do with solvents and heating them and then cooling them - when they are cooled they will form crystals.

11.  Almost all minerals form from magma, the molten rock beneath the earth’s surface.  When magma cools, mineral crystals are formed.

15. Evaporation  Some minerals form from solutions evaporating. Elements and compounds that had been dissolved now crystallize and are visible.

16. THE PRESSURE PROCESS  When a rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure, the minerals can begin to break down chemically.  The temperature and pressure becomes great enough to change the minerals in a solid state, without melting them.  The free atoms, ions, and molecules recombine in new ways, forming new minerals. More growth occurs in directions away from the pressure.

17.  Minerals have an orderly arrangement of atoms.  Minerals have a definite chemical composition – they are each unique.

18.  More than 90 % of the minerals in Earth’s crust are compounds containing oxygen and silicon, the two most abundant elements.  Most minerals are compounds; a few are composed of a single element.

19.  Minerals containing radioactive elements are radioactive  Minerals containing metals are usually very dense  Minerals containing silica (from magma) are usually very light colored  Colors of minerals are determined by the elements they are made of

20.  Coal, Graphite, and Diamond are all made out of the element Carbon.  Why are they all different?

21.  Heat and pressure change coal into a diamond.

22. It is the change in crystal structure that results in the color change. Graphite is composed of flat sheets of carbon. Diamond is a 7-carbon crystal, which is 3- dimentional.

23.  Color is a result of light absorption or light reflection.  Black means that all possible colors are being absorbed.  White means that all colors are reflected. In the case of diamond, it is clear because light passes through it.

24.  Native elements – naturally occurring elements; pure and uncombined. They form the rocks of the earth’s crust.  Silicates – compounds containing silicon and oxygen.  Nonsilicates – compounds without the silicon and oxygen combination.

25.  How can minerals be tested to determine certain physical properties needed for classification?

26.  Characteristic that is observable in a substance without changing the chemical composition of the substance.

27.  Sulfur- yellow  Pyrite- fool’s gold  Azurite- blue  Malachite- green

28.  NOT reliable:  Different minerals can have the same color  Some minerals have different colors.  Minerals can change color over time through weathering.

29.  The powder left behind when a mineral is rubbed on an unglazed ceramic tile.

30. Why might it useful to use both black and white tiles?

31.  You can feel the mineral, but often times that is not always reliable since it may have been altered by weathering or manufacturing.  A better judge of texture is grain size: Fine-grained, medium-grained, coarse- grained.

32.  Ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume, expressed as g/cm³.

33.  Use a scale to find the mass of a mineral sample in grams.  Use the displacement method we practiced before to find the volume of the mineral.  The volume of solids is reported as cc or cm3

34.  Light reflected from the surface of a mineral.

35.  Vitreous  Resinous  Earthy  Metallic  Pearly  Dull  Fibrous  Adamantine  Waxy

40.  Measure of the ability of a mineral to resist scratching.

41.  The hardness of a mineral also depends on the arrangement of atoms, or molecules and the strength of the chemical bonds between them.

42.  Standard against which the hardness of a mineral is tested.

43. 1. Talc-easily scratched with fingernail 2. Gypsum-scratched with fingernail 3. Calcite-scratched with copper penny 4. Fluorite-scratched with steel nail 5. Apatite-easily scratched with steel nail 6. Feldspar-scratches glass with force 7. Quartz-scratches glass with moderate force 8. Topaz-scratches glass with minimal force 9. Corundum-scratches glass easily 10. Diamond-cuts glass

44.  Splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat surfaces.  Some minerals tend to split evenly along certain flat surfaces.

45.  One directional Peels off in layers Example- biotite and muscovite.

46.  Two directional Flat and shiny plains Example: feldspar

47.  3 directional Calcite and halite  4 directional (x,y,z, and diagonal) fluorite

48. The uneven splitting of a mineral.

49. Crystals of each mineral grow atom by atom to form a particular crystal structure.

50. If space is not restricted, a mineral will exhibit a crystal pattern with a definite number of sides and specific angles.

51.  Geologists classify these structures into groups based on the number and angle of the crystal faces.

52. All sides are equal length and 90° apart.

53.  Two equal, horizontal, mutually perpendicular axes  Vertical axis is perpendicular to the horizontal axes and is of a different length.

54. Three horizontal axes meeting at angles of 120 o and one perpendicular axis.

56. Results from the stretching of a cubic crystal into a rectangle.

59. Crystal Cave of Giants, Mexico

61.  Use the internet to research mineral examples of each of the 6 crystal structures.  Each group must construct all 6 crystal shapes using the paper patterns. **please write your block and group number, the names of your examples and the crystal name on the pattern before you glue it!!!!  In the classroom, hunt through the mineral samples to find a physical example of each crystal shape. Show Mrs. Weneck your findings.  Place your crystal models in the closet on your block’s shelf.

62. Is the mineral magnetic?

63. Does acid make the mineral fizz?