1. LEARNING

2. I.Learning A.Relatively permanent change in a behavior to a given situation brought about by repeated experiences in that situation –Changes can’t be explained by native response tendencies, maturation, or temporary states of the person or other animal (e.g. fatigue, drugs, etc)

3. B.How do we learn? 1.Associative learning – learning certain events occur together 2.Habituation- an organism’s decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it Ex: Ignoring traffic sounds if you live on a busy street

4. 3.Observational Learning a.New behaviors are acquired by watching the behaviors of others b.Also known as modeling c.Albert Bandura Bobo doll experimentAlbert Bandura Bobo doll experiment

5. II.Classical Conditioning A.A subject learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events B.Studied by Ivan Pavlov

6. C.Unconditioned stimulus (US) - naturally and automatically triggers a response –Food stimulus D.Unconditioned response (UR) - unlearned, naturally occurring response to the US –Salivation

7. E.Conditioned stimulus (CS) - originally irrelevant; comes to trigger a conditioned response –Tone F.Conditioned response (CR) - learned response to a previously neutral stimulus –Salivation in response to tone

9. G.Acquisition - initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditional stimulus so the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response

10. H.Extinction - diminished responding when a US doesn’t follow a CS I.Spontaneous recovery - reappearance of a weakened CR after a pause J.Generalization - tendency for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses K.Discrimination - learned ability to distinguish between a CS and stimuli that don’t signal a US

12. III.Operant Conditioning A.Type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher B.Studied by B.F. Skinner

13. C.Operant chamber - chamber that contains a bar an animal can manipulate to get a reward –Aka “Skinner Box”

14. D.Shaping - reinforcers guide current behavior toward the desired behavior E.Discriminative stimulus - stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement

15. F.Positive reinforcement - increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli –Getting money for good grades G.Negative reinforcement - increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimulus –Buckling seat belt to remove dinging

16. H.Reinforcement Schedules 1.Continuous reinforcement - reinforcement every time a behavior occurs –Preferable until behavior is mastered 2.Partial (intermittent) reinforcement - reinforcement only part of the time –Most effective in maintaining behaviors that have already been learned –Occasionally giving into a child’s tantrum 3.Fixed-ratio schedule - reinforcement only after a specified number of responses –Being paid on piecework basis

17. 4.Variable-ratio schedules - reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses –High rate of response –Slot machines 5.Fixed-interval schedules - reinforces a response after a specified time –Choppy start and stop –Monthly paycheck 6.Variable-interval schedules - reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals –Slow, steady rate of response –E-mail

19. I.Punishment 1.Aversive consequence used to weaken behavior 2.Positive Punishment - application of an aversive stimulus after a response/behavior –Touching a hot stove (response = touching stove, stimulus = hot)

20. 3.Negative Punishment - removal of a reinforcer –Parents taking away car keys 4.Punishment vs. Negative Reinforcement: –Punishment decreases behavior –Negative reinforcement increases behavior

21. 5.Problems of Punishment a.Power disappears when threat of punishment is removed –Speed limit b.Punishment triggers aggression c.May trigger fear d.Often applied unequally

22. 6.Proper Punishment a.Swift b.Certain c.Limited in time and intensity d.Target behavior, not character e.Limited to situation in which response occurred f.Not give mixed messages g.Most effective = negative punishment

23. IV.Motivation A.Intrinsic motivation - desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake B.Extrinsic motivation - desire to perform a behavior to receive a reward or avoid punishment