1. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 1 APA Citation Style Rules and conventions established by the American Psychological Association for documenting sources used in a research paper

2. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 2 Introduction This presentation is based on the 6th edition (2010) of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA). It is not a comprehensive guide. For all rules and requirements of APA citations, please consult the 6th edition of the APA Manual.

3. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 3 Why do we cite? To provide a way to access the sources used To ensure the accuracy of scientific knowledge To protect the rights of authors (the original source for the material) To promote ethical responsibility and academic consistency in a discipline's writing community If you do not cite and document your sources correctly, you run the risk of plagiarism ( http://research.library.gsu.edu/content.php?pid=62772&sid=462185 )http://research.library.gsu.edu/content.php?pid=62772&sid=462185

4. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 4 Citations In Text

5. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 5 General Information APA uses the author-date method of citation. The last name of the author and the date of publication are inserted in the text in the appropriate place. When referencing or summarizing a source, provide the author and year. When quoting or summarizing a particular passage, include the specific page or paragraph number, as well. When quoting in your paper, if a direct quote is less than 40 words, incorporate it into your text and use quotation marks. If a direct quote is more than 40 words, make the quotation a free-standing indented block of text and DO NOT use quotation marks.

6. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 6 Point of view and voice in an APA paper -- Use the third person point of view rather than using the first person point of view or the passive voice; e.g., The study showed that…, NOT I found out that…. The active voice rather than passive voice; e.g., The participants responded…, NOT The participants have been asked….

7. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 7 EXAMPLES OF IN-TEXT CITATION – One work by one author In one developmental study (Smith, 1990), children learned... OR In the study by Smith (1990), primary school children learned... OR In 1990, Smith’s study of primary school children…

8. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 8 Works by multiple authors When a work has 2 authors cite both names every time you reference the work in the text. (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983) Some feminists researchers question that “women's responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt & Tate, 1997, p. 2).

9. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 9 Works by multiple authors When a work has three to five authors cite all the author names the first time the reference occurs and then subsequently include only the first author followed by et al. For example: First citation: Masserton, Slonowski, and Slowinski (1989) state that... Subsequent citations: Masserton et al. (1989) state that... For 6 or more authors, cite only the name of the first author followed by et al. and the year. Harris et al. (2001) argued... (Harris et al., 2001)

10. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 10 Works by no identified author When a resource has no named author, cite the first few words of the reference entry (usually the title). Use double quotation marks around the title of an article, chapter, or Web page. Italicize the title of a periodical, book, brochure, or report. The site seemed to indicate support for homeopathic drugs (“Medical Miracles,” 2009). The brochure argues for homeschooling (Education Reform, 2007).

11. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 11 Two or more works in the same parenthetical citation Citations of two or more works in the same parentheses should be listed in the order they appear in the reference list Several studies (Jones & Powell, 1993; Peterson, 1995, 1998; Smith, 1990) suggest that...

12. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 12 Specific parts of a source Always give the page number for quotations or to indicate information from a specific table, chart, chapter, graph, or page. The word page is abbreviated but not chapter. For example: The painting was assumed to be by Matisse (Powell, 1989, Chapter 6), but later analysis showed it to be a forgery (Murphy, 1999, p. 85).

13. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 13 In-text Citations: Format for a quotation When quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase. Make sure to include the author’s name, the year of publication, the page number, but keep the citation brief— do not repeat the information. Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (p.11). A traumatic response frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other intrusive phenomena” (Caruth, 1996, p.11)

14. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 14 Citing Indirect Sources If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses. Johnson argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102).

15. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 15 CITATIONS IN A REFERENCE LIST

16. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 16 Basic Information In general, references should contain: Title Author name Publication date Publication information

17. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 17 Special Guidelines For information obtained electronically or online include the DOI (Digital Object Identifier) DOI - a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed. Use this format for the DOI in references: doi:xxxxxxx If no DOI has been assigned to the content, provide the home page URL of the journal or of the book or report publisher. Do not insert a hyphen if you need to break a URL across lines; do not add a period after a URL, to prevent the impression that the period is part of the URL.

18. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 18 Books Book, 2 authors: Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The guide to everything and then some more stuff. New York, NY: Macmillan. Book, 2 authors w/edition: Gregory, G., & Parry, T. (2006). Designing brain-compatible learning (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin.

19. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 19 Books Book, no author or editor: Merriam-Webster's college dictionary (10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam- Webster. Book, revised edition: Rosenthal, R. (1987). Meta-analytical procedures for social research (Rev. ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

20. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 20 Chapter of a Book Bergquist, J. M. (1992). German Americans. In J. D. Buenker & L. A. Ratner (Eds.), Multiculturalism in the United States: A comparative guide to acculturation and ethnicity (pp. 53-76). New York, NY: Greenwood.

21. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 21 Periodicals Journal article - one author Mellers, B.A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924. Journal article - two authors Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.

22. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 22 Periodicals Journal article - three to seven authors Saywitz, K.J., Mannarino, A.P. Berliner, L., & Cohen, J.A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 1040-1049. Journal article - more than seven authors Gilbert, D., McClernon, J.F., Rabinovich, N.E., Sugai, C., Plath, L.C., Asgaard, G.,…Botros, N. (2004). Effects of quitting smoking on EEG activation and ……

23. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 23 Journal Article with DOI: Paivio, A. (1975). Perceptual comparisons through the mind's eye. Memory & Cognition, 3, 635- 647. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225 Journal Article when DOI is not available: Hamfi, A. G. (1981). The funny nature of dogs. E-journal of Applied Psychology, 2(2), 38-48. Retrieved from http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/fdo

24. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 24 Newspaper Articles Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A4. Online Newspaper Article: Becker, E. (2001, August 27). Prairie farmers reap conservation's rewards. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

25. Magazines Magazine article: Chamerlin, J., Novotney. A., Packard, E., & Price, M. (2008, May). Enhancing worker well-being: Occupational health psychologists convene to share research on work, stress, and health. Monitor on Psychology, 39(5), 26-29. Online Magazine article: Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology, 39(6). Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/monitor/ http://www.apa.org/monitor/ September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 25

26. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 26 Reference Books VandenBos, G.R. (Ed.). APA dictionary of pscyhology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Entry in an online reference work, no author or editor Heuristic. (n.d.) In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary (11 th ed.). Retrieved from http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/heuristic

27. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 27 Technical and Research Reports (often with corporate authors) Hershey Foods Corporation. (2001, March 15). 2001 Annual Report. Retrieved from http://www.hersheysannualreport.com/200 0/index.htm http://www.hersheysannualreport.com/200

28. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 28 Blog post Lincoln, D. S. (2009, January 23). The likeness and sameness of the ones in the middle. [Web log post]. Retrieved from http://www.blogspace.com/lincolnworld/20 09/1/23.php http://www.blogspace.com/lincolnworld/20

29. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 29 Notes about authors Invert all authors' names. Give surnames and initials for up to and including 7 authors Spell out the full name of a group author. For example: National Institute of Mental Health. For edited books, place editors' names in place of author position and enclose the abbreviation "Ed." or "Eds." In a reference with no author, move the title to the author position, before the date of publication. Use an ampersand (&) instead of the word "and" when listing multiple authors of a single work

30. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 30 Notes about publication dates: (1993). Journals, books, audiovisual media. (1993, June). Meetings; monthly magazines, newsletters, and newspapers. (1994, September 28). Dailies and weeklies. (in press). Any work accepted for publication but not yet printed. (n.d.) Work with no date available.

31. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 31 Reference List References cited in the text of a research paper must appear in a Reference List or bibliography. This list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source. Entries should be arranged in alphabetical order by authors' last names. Sources without authors are arranged alphabetically by title within the same list. Capitalize only the first word of a title or subtitle, and any proper names that are part of a title. Indentation: The first line of the entry is flush with the left margin, and all subsequent lines are indented (5 to 7 spaces) to form a "hanging indent."

32. APA Video http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 32

33. APA YouTube Video (Basics) September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 33

34. APA YouTube Video September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 34

35. September 14, 2015 Instructor: Gloria Mohammad WORKSHOP FALL 2011-2012 35 Internet sites for APA Style http://apastyle.apa.org/ http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/apa.html http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ http://www.library.cornell.edu/newhelp/res_strategy/citing/apa.html http://www.uwp.edu/departments/library/guides/apa.htm http://www.usq.edu.au/library/help/referencing/apa.htm