1. Class 8 The Capital Asset Pricing Model

2. Efficient Portfolios with Multiple Assets E[r]  0 Asset 1 Asset 2 Portfolios of Asset 1 and Asset 2 Portfolios of other assets Efficient Frontier Minimum-Variance Portfolio

3. Utility in Risk-Return Space

4. Individual Asset Allocations Investor A Investor B Expected Return Standard Deviation

5. Introducing a Riskfree Asset n Suppose we introduce the opportunity to invest in a riskfree asset. How does this alter investors’ portfolio choices? n The riskfree asset has a zero variance and a zero covariance with every other asset (or portfolio).  var(r f ) = 0.  cov(r f, r j ) = 0 for all j. n What is the expected return and variance of a portfolio consisting of a fraction  f of the riskfree asset and (1-  f ) of the risky asset (or portfolio)?

6. Introducing a Riskfree Asset n Expected Return n Variance and Standard Deviation

7. Introducing a Riskfree Asset Expected Return Standard Deviation rfrf jj E(r j ) Asset j

8. Introducing a Riskless Asset Expected Return Standard Deviation M r f s M Er M [] a= 1 a=- 1 a= 0 a= 05. 0

9. Individual Asset Allocations Expected Return Standard Deviation M r f Investor A Investor B Higher Utility Higher Utility

10. The Capital Market Line Expected Return M r f Er m [] Standard Deviation IBM   Systematic Risk Diversifiable Risk Er IBM [] A

11. The Capital Market Line n The CML gives the tradeoff between risk and return for portfolios consisting of the riskfree asset and the tangency portfolio M. n The equation of the CML is: n Portfolio M is the market portfolio.

12. Historical Returns, 1926-1993

13. Relationship Between Risk and Return for Individual Assets n The expected rate of return on a risky asset can be thought of as composed of two terms.  The return on a riskfree security, like U.S. Treasury bills.  A risk premium to compensate investors for bearing risk. E(r) = r f + Risk x [Market Price of Risk]

14. The Capital Asset Pricing Model n The tradeoff between risk and return for the market portfolio is: n This gives us the following relationship:

15. The Capital Asset Pricing Model n This can be written explicitly as follows: n This implies that for each security j the following relationship must hold:

16. The Capital Asset Pricing Model n Using the definition of, we have the relationship between risk and expected return for individual stocks and portfolios. This is called the Security Market Line. where

17. The CAPM Expected Return Beta M r f 1 Er m [] Security Market Line

18. The Capital Asset Pricing Model n The appropriate measure of risk for an individual stock is its beta. n Beta measures the stock’s sensitivity to market risk factors. The higher the beta, the more sensitive the stock is to market movements. n The average stock has a beta of 1.0. n Portfolio betas are weighted averages of the betas for the individual stocks in the portfolio. n The market price of risk is [E(r M )-r f ].

19. The CML and SML

20. Review of Intuition for the CAPM

21. Using Regression Analysis to Measure Betas Rate of Return on the Market Rate of Return on Stock A x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Jan 1995 Slope = Beta

22. Betas of Selected Common Stocks

23. Estimating the Expected Rate of Return on Equity n The SML gives us a way to estimate the expected (or required) rate of return on equity. n We need estimates of three things:  Riskfree interest rate, r f.  Market price of risk, [E(r M )-r f ].  Beta for the stock,  j.

24. Estimating the Expected Rate of Return on Equity n The riskfree rate can be estimated by the current yield on one-year Treasury bills. As of early 1996, one-year Treasury bills were yielding about 5.0%. n The market price of risk can be estimated by looking at the historical difference between the return on stocks and the return on Treasury bills. Earlier we saw this difference has averaged about 8.6% since 1926. n The betas are estimated by regression analysis.

25. Estimating the Expected Rate of Return on Equity E(r) = 5.0% + (8.6%) 

26. Example of Portfolio Betas and Expected Returns n What is the beta and expected rate of return of an equally-weighted portfolio consisting of Exxon and Polaroid? n Portfolio Beta n Expected Rate of Return

27. Example of Portfolio Betas and Expected Returns n How would you construct a portfolio with the same beta and expected return, but with the lowest possible standard deviation? n Use the figure on the following page to locate the equally-weighted portfolio of Exxon and Polaroid. Also locate the minimum variance portfolio with the same expected return.

28. Graphical Illustration E(r)  5.0% M MM CML SML 1.0 M 0.71 13.6% 11.1%

29. Example n The S&P500 Index has a standard deviation of about 12% per year. n Gold mining stocks have a standard deviation of about 24% per year and a correlation with the S&P500 of about  = 0.15. n If the yield on U.S. Treasury bills is 6% and the market risk premium is [E(r M )-r f ] = 7.0%, what is the expected rate of return on gold mining stocks?

30. Example n The beta for gold mining stocks is calculated as follows: n The expected rate of return on gold mining stocks is:

31. Example n Question: What portfolio has the same expected return as gold mining stocks, but the lowest possible standard deviation? n Answer: A portfolio consisting of 70% invested in U.S. Treasury bills and 30% invested in the S&P500 Index.

32. Using the CAPM for Project Evaluation n Suppose Microsoft is considering an expansion of its current operations. The expansion will cost $100 million today and is expected to generate a net cash flow of $25 million per year for the next 20 years.  What is the appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate for the expansion project?  What is the NPV of Microsoft’s investment project?

33. Microsoft’s Expansion Project n The risk-adjusted discount rate for the project, r p, can be estimated by using Microsoft’s beta and the CAPM. n Thus, the NPV of the project is:

34. Company Risk Versus Project Risk n The company-wide discount rate is the appropriate discount rate for evaluating investment projects that have the same risk as the firm as a whole. n For investment projects that have different risk from the firm’s existing assets, the company- wide discount rate is not the appropriate discount rate. n In these cases, we must rely on industry betas for estimates of project risk.

35. Company Risk versus Project Risk n Suppose Microsoft is considering investing in the development of a new airline.  What is the risk of this investment?  What is the appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate for evaluating the project?  Suppose the project offers a 17% rate of return. Is the investment a good one for Microsoft?

36. Industry Asset Betas

37. Company Risk versus Project Risk n The project risk is closer to the risk of other airlines than it is to the risk of Microsoft’s software business. n The appropriate risk-adjusted discount rate for the project depends upon the risk of the project. If the average asset beta for airlines is 1.8, then the project’s cost of capital is:

38. Company Risk versus Project Risk Required Return  SML Company Beta Company-wide Discount Rate A Project Beta Project IRR Project-specific Discount Rate

39. Summary n The risk of an investment project is given by the project’s beta. n The Security Market Line provides an estimate of an appropriate discount rate for the project based upon the project’s beta. n This discount rate is used when computing the project’s net present value.