1. Chapter 13 Processing Controls

2. Operating System Integrity Operating system -- the set of programs implemented in software/hardware that permits sharing and use of resources within a computer system There are many cases in which serious losses have occurred through breaches of operating system controls

3. Some Features of OP Systems Capable of managing resources Good managers vs. bad mangers There is a cost associated with mis- management of op systems –Exposure to risks –Loss of integrity What is an interrupt in op systems? Op systems demand respect by using interrupts.

4. Nature of a Reliable Operating System 1. Must be protected from user processes 2. Must prevent one user corrupting another user’s processes 3. Must protect users from themselves 4. Must protect itself from corruption of another module or sub-process 5. Must be robust when environmental failures occur

5. Operating System Integrity Threats Accidental –hardware, software, and environmental failures that cause the operating system to crash or to process erroneously Deliberate –usually aim at unauthorized removal of assets, breaches of data integrity, or disruption of operations

6. Penetration Techniques Browsing (checking residue) Masquerading Piggybacking (tapping messages) Between-lines entry (inactive users) Spoofing (fooling the user as if op system is interacting) Backdoors/Trapdoors (use it as if you are already in the system) Trojan horse (unknown to user, user runs the penetrator’s program)

7. Other Penetration Techniques Covert Storage Channels –one process communicates confidential information to another process by changing the values of system state variables Covert Timing Channels –one process communicates confidential information to another process by changing the time period that a system takes to perform some function

8. Operating System Integrity Flaws Penetrations result when integrity flaws exist in operating systems. These flaws arise for two reasons: 1. The access control policy designed for the operating system is defective 2. Even if a secure access control policy is designed for the operating system, it might be implemented incorrectly in the operating system

9. Integrity Flaws (no details) Incomplete parameter validation Inconsistent parameter validation Implicit sharing of data Asynchronous validation Inadequate access control Violable limits

10. Reference Monitors and Kernels A reference monitor is an abstract mechanism that checks each request by a subject to access and use an object to ensure that the request complies with a security policy. A reference monitor is implemented via a security kernel, which is a hardware, software, firmware mechanism

11. Reference Monitor Abstraction

12. Validation Checks Primarily ensure that computations performed on numeric fields are authorized, accurate, and complete Processing associated with alphabetic or alphanumeric fields typically is minimal

13. Rounding Validation Check Process

14. Other Software Controls Print Run-to-Run Control Totals –provide evidence that all input data has been processed accurately Minimize Human Intervention –because human intervention is error-prone, minimizing it will reduce incorrect processing Use Redundant Calculations –additional calculations can be used as “checks”

15. Audit Trail Controls Accounting Audit Trail –allows auditors to trace and to replicate the processing performed on a data item Operations Audit Trail –data is often critical to effective management of shared system resources

16. Operations Audit Trail

17. Content of the Operations Audit Trail Resource Consumption Data –identifies which user consumed a resource Security-Sensitive Events –creates audit trail entries for all changes to password or access privileges files or failed access attempts Hardware Malfunctions –records processor or memory parity errors User-Specified Events –allows users to write their own programs to collect operations data

18. Interrogating the Operations Audit Trail 1. Specifying audit objectives 2. Extracting data from the operations audit trail that will allow auditors to meet these objectives 3. Sorting the data extracted into the required order 4. Formatting and presenting the results

19. Existence Controls Nature of Checkpoint/Restart Controls –allow programs to be reestablished at some prior, valid intermediate point in their processing and restarted form that point –cannot guard against long-term or global failures

20. Functions of Checkpoint Facilities Processor-based Scheme –when a transient fault occurs, this scheme rolls the processor back a small number of instruction and then restarts the processor Memory-based Scheme –relies on having two memory banks for each address. Successful operations are copied from the first memory bank to the second

21. Processor-based Checkpoint/Restart facility

22. Memory-based Checkpoint/Restart facility

23. Auditors Concerns with Checkpoint/Restart Facilities Information written to a log must be secure Facilities must be effective and efficient Facilities should be well documented Facilities should work reliably