3. Uropathy The consumption and application of one’s own urine for medicinal or cosmetic purposes

11. SUBSTANCEPROCESSLOCATION RBCUltrafiltrationMalpighian Corpuscle Plasma ProteinsUltrafiltrationMalpighian Corpuscle GlucoseRe-AbsorptionProximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) WaterRe-AbsorptionDescending Loop of Henle, Collecting Duct SodiumRe-AbsorptionAscending Loop of Henle PotassiumRe-AbsorptionDistal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) Sodium BicarbonateRe-AbsorptionDistal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) UreaExcretion/MicturitionCollecting Duct/Urinary Tract

14. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System When blood volume is low, juxtoglomerular cells in kidney secrete the hormone renin Renin triggers the conversion of angiotensin I & II Angiotensin is a vasoconstrictor, causing blood pressure to rise Angiotensin also triggers the release of the hormone aldosterone by the kidney, which causes sodium retention in the distal convoluted tubule Increased sodium causes the blood to retain water, raising blood pressure

15. Vasopressin/Anti-Diuretic Hormone Hypothalamus detects decline in water content of blood Anterior pituitary gland releases vasopressin (ADH) Vasopressin increases water retention in the collecting ducts of the nephron Vasopressin is a vasoconstrictor, causing elevation of blood pressure Hormone can be turned off by alcohol or caffeine consumption

17. Blood pH must be maintained between 7.35-7.45 Alkalosis is a blood pH > 7.45 Acidosis is a blood pH < 7.35 Cellular metabolism produces standing acids/H+ donors (carbonic, phosphoric, lactic,fatty) Plasma-Based Buffering Systems (bicarbonate, phosphate, protein) help to temporarility maintain pH levels

18. Kidneys assist in regulation of pH by excretion of acids into filtrate and reabsorption of bicarbonate ions