1. World History: The Earth and its Peoples
Chapter 22
The Early Industrial Revolution,

2. Objectives
Understand the causes of the Industrial Revolution in England, Europe, and the United States.
Be able to describe the technological innovations that spurred industrialization.
Be able to describe the social, economic, and environmental impact of the Industrial Revolution and to make connections between the impact of the Industrial Revolution and the ideological and political responses.
Understand the relationship between the industrialized world and the nonindustrialized world as demonstrated in the cases of Russia, Egypt, and India.

3. Early Industrial Revolution
dramatic innovations
manufacturing, mining
transportation, communication
changes in society and commerce
Causes
population growth
reliable food source, disease resistance
urban migration
agricultural revolution
potato and maize
“enclosure movement”
trade and invention
“putting-out system”
Diderot, Eli Whitney
openness to innovation
Why the British?

4. Early Industrial Revolution
Great Britain
had all three requirements
implementation of ideas
embracing of capitalism
world’s largest merchant marine
international commerce
cost of transport
political atmosphere
less centralized
low tariffs
societal structure
less classism
weak guilds
Europe
European instability
post 1815
‘imported’ English expertise
British economic model

5. Early Industrial Revolution
Technological Revolution
mass production
division of labor
Josiah Wedgwood – 1759
lower costs, improve quality
mechanization
cotton industry
import of raw fiber
Richard Arkwright – 1769
water frame
productivity and price
iron supply
limited wood supply
Abraham Darby – 1709
coke replaces charcoal
cheaper, plentiful
Crystal Palace
interchangeable parts – 1850s

6. Early Industrial Revolution
Technological Revolution
steam engine
most revolutionary invention
James Watt – 1769
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deep mines
transportation link
boats
canal building
railroads
towns, industry
electric telegraph
Samuel Morse – 1837
submarine telegraph
communications link
smaller world
Impact
Europeans and Americans
empowerment

7. Early Industrial Revolution
Impact
urban population growth
1850 London: 2.5M
overcrowding
disease
rickets
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inadequate municipal service
lack of zoning
rural issues
deforestation
soil depletion
transportation systems
roads, canals, railroads

8. Early Industrial Revolution
Working Conditions
industrial jobs
long, repetitive, boring
little sense of achievement
no control
women
removed from home
textile or domestic
1/3 – 1/2 income
Lowell Textile Mills
dormitory living
children
no public schools
same long hours
hard to make ends meet

9. Early Industrial Revolution
Society
Changes
obsolete industries
effect of business cycles
wild swings
supply and demand
1850s: rise in standard of living
manufacturing entrepreneurs
rise of the middle class
‘cult of domesticity’
Continuity
poor remain the same
drunkenness, violence

10. Early Industrial Revolution
Politics / Economics
laissez faire – “let them do”
Adam Smith
“The Wealth of Nations”
govt. / guild restrictions
Thomas Malthus
population boom problem
utilitarianism
“dismal science”
government economic legislation
socialism
positivism
communes of the poor
utopian socialism
Charles Fourier
worker communes
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reform
s: legacy of labor organizing
Factory Act of 1833 – child labor laws