2. Civil Right Movement Early vs. Modern Civil Rights Movement
Searching for an Identity and Leadership
Leaders, Activities, and Organizations

3. Civil Right Movement Plessy v Ferguson 1896
“14th amendment does not prevent private organization from discriminating”
Legalized Jim Crow Laws
Segregated accommodations were legal provided they were equal
“separate but equal”

4. Civil Right Movement Booker T. Washington Not for social equality
Remain apart
Founder of Tuskegee Institution in 1891
Focus – industrial education/learn a skill
Vocational jobs to improve economic situation
Problem?

5. Civil Right Movement W.E.B. Du Bois Ph.D. from Harvard
Founder of the NAACP in 1910
Grew out of the Niagara Movement
Never except inferiority
Use courts to fight discrimination
Rejected Washington’s ideas
“The Talented Tenth”

6. Civil Right Movement Marcus Garvey Black nationalist
United Negro Improvement Association in 1914
Stressed racial separation from white
Black only businesses etc.
Encouraged a return to Africa

7. Civil Right Movement In the 1950s
15 million African Americans living in the United States
2/3 living in the south
Jim Crows laws ruled their lives
Legal segregation in schools, parks, transportation, hospitals etc

8. Civil Right Movement Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Bring about change through peaceful measures
Founded by James Farmers in 1942
James Farmer

9. Civil Right Movement Brown v Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
May 17, 1954
Supreme Court unanimously decided segregation violates the 14th amendment
Brown Family

10. Civil Right Movement Chief Justice Earl Warren
1. Education plays a vital role in training children for citizenship, employment and leisure-time activities
2. Separating black children from others solely on the basis of race “generates a feeling of inferiority that may affect them in a way unlikely to be undone”
3. therefore, separate educational facilities are inherently unequal
Reversed Plessy v Ferguson
Thurgood Marshall argues the case

11. Civil Right Movement Emmett Till Killed in 1955
Brings the problem to the attention of the nation

12. Civil Right Movement Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955-1956
Rosa Parks “mother of the civil rights movement” refused to leave seat for a white man
Arrested for violating the city’s segregation law
Year long boycott of the bus company
Calls by pastors of church to lead resistance
City agreed to change the law to allow black to sit anywhere
Event produced a leader, an organization, technique
Martin Luther King Jr.
SCLC
Non- violent civil disobedience

14. Civil Right Movement Integration at Little Rock 1957
Orval Faubus, gov. of Arkansas, mobilized the National Guard to prevent nine African-Americans students from attending
Direct challenge to federal authority
Eisenhower sent in army (paratroopers) to restore order and protect the “Little Rock Nine”

16. Civil Right Movement
Woolworth lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina
Greensboro four
Feb. 1st Bought items at Woolworth than sat down to order coffee
Not served
Result
July desegregated lunch counters
Over 70,000 people participated in sit-in through out the South
Press they received

18. Civil Right Movement Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee (SNCC)
Grew out of SCLC
For students
Leaders was Robert Moses
was organized to advance the "sit-in" movement

19. Civil Right Movement Freedom Rides Spring of 1961
SNCC members joined with activists from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a New York-based civil rights organization to encourage the Freedom Rides
Placed white and black students on interstate busses to test the new court decision to desegregate waiting rooms and dining facilities at bus stops
In deep South response was violent
Attorney General Robert Kennedy assigned federal marshals to protect riders

21. Civil Right Movement Integration of “Ole Miss”
29 yr old veteran James Meredith
Arrival touched off riots
Mostly KKK members NOT students
Gov Ross Barnett refused to allow to register
Announced state laws were superior to federal laws
Pres. Kennedy federalized Miss. National Guard
Took 400 Marshals and 3000 troops to enroll him
Meredith remained and graduated in 1963
Cost 200 lives and 4 million in taxpayer’s $

23. Civil Right Movement University of Alabama Vivian Malone
Gov George Wallace stood in doorway
National Guard was federalized
Wallace walked away

25. Civil Right Movement Birmingham, Alabama
Rev. Shuttlesworth asked MLK to come to city
Most segregated big city in America
Test nonviolence
It was a planned non-violent campaign
Police Commissioner “Bull” Connor decided to crush the protest
Police used fire hoses, police dogs and clubs
TV carried scene to the nation

26. Civil Right Movement MLK arrested
Leaders felt MLK was pushing too hard/too fast
Response “Letters from Birmingham”
Kids march, 1000 arrested
Result
End to segregation in Birmingham
HUGE victory
Kennedy on TV asked Congress to pass a Civil Rights Bill
Nation saw racism in the South at its worst

27. Civil Right Movement March on Washington (Aug 1963)
To support and pressure Kennedy
250,00 African Americans marched on nation’s capital
“I have a Dream”

28. Civil Right Movement Civil Rights Act
Three months later Kennedy was assassinated
Bill wasn’t close to passing
Southern Congressmen had a filibuster going
Johnson addressed Congress
“…couldn’t more eloquently honor Pres. Kennedy’s memory”
Passed in June 1964

29. Civil Right Movement Civil Rights Act of 1964 Elections:
Prohibited election officials from applying different standards to blacks and whites voting
Public Accommodations:
Forbade discrimination in public places
Forbade discrimination in government owned or operated facilities
Federally Assisted Programs
Allowed the government to withhold aid from states involving discrimination
Employment
Prohibited discriminatory practices by employers, agencies, and labor union
No discriminatory hiring on basis of race, sex , religion or nationality

31. Civil Right Movement 24th Amendment Passed in 1964
Prohibited the use of poll taxes as a requirement for voting in a federal election

32. Civil Right Movement Voting Act of 1965
A result of Selma, Alabama incident
State troops assaulted demonstrators as they marched to the state capital
President Johnson “We shall over come”
Outlawed literacy test
Federal examiners in to register voters where irregularities existed
Signed 100 years after the Civil War ended

33. Civil Right Movement Results of Civil Rights Right to vote
South would never be the same again
Served in politics at all level
Segregation became illegal
Ended an Era
Civil Rights campaigns in the South led by peaceful moderates
Lets go North!

34. "Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that
"Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate; only love can do that. Hate multiplies hate, violence multiplies violence and toughness multiplies toughness in a descending spiral of destruction. The chain reaction of evil………must be broken, or we shall be plunged into the dark abyss of annihilation."
Martin Luther King Jr.