1. Introduction to Nanotechnology:
Overview and
Introduction to Nanotechnology:
What, Why and How
Mark Tuominen
Professor of Physics
Jonathan Rothstein
Professor of Mechanical Eng.

3. NSF Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing
"NSEC"
NSF Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing
A Center on Nanomanufacturing at UMass
Research
Education
Outreach

4. The biggest science initiative since the Apollo program
Nanotechnology
The biggest science initiative since the Apollo program

5. 1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.
1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter
= 1 x 10-9 m
nano.gov

6. How small are nanostructures?
Single Hair
Width = 0.1 mm
= 100 micrometers
= 100,000 nanometers !

7. Smaller still DNA 6,000 nanometers Hair . 100,000 nanometers
10 nm objects
made by guided
self-assembly .
100,000 nanometers

8. Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface
The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More
Things Natural
Things Manmade
1 cm
10 mm
Ant
~ 5 mm
10-2 m
Head of a pin
1-2 mm
Dust mite
200 mm
The Challenge
1,000,000 nanometers =
10-3 m
1 millimeter (mm)
MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices
mm wide
Fly ash
~ mm
Microwave
10-4 m
0.1 mm
100 mm
Human hair
~ mm wide
Microworld
10-5 m
0.01 mm
10 mm
Pollen grain
Infrared
Red blood cells
Red blood cells
(~7-8 mm)
1,000 nanometers =
Zone plate x-ray “lens” Outer ring spacing ~35 nm
10-6 m
1 micrometer (mm)
Visible
Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage.
0.1 mm
100 nm
10-7 m
Ultraviolet
Self-assembled,
Nature-inspired structure Many 10s of nm
Nanoworld
10-8 m
0.01 mm
10 nm
~10 nm diameter
Nanotube electrode
ATP synthase
DNA
~2-1/2 nm diameter
Atoms of silicon
spacing nm
10-9 m
1 nanometer (nm)
Carbon buckyball
~1 nm diameter
Soft x-ray
Carbon nanotube
~1.3 nm diameter
10-10 m
0.1 nm
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface
positioned one at a time with an STM tip
Corral diameter 14 nm
Office of Basic Energy Sciences
Office of Science, U.S. DOE
Version , pmd

9. Applications of
Nanotechnology

10. First, One Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity
10 GB
2001
20 GB
2002
40 GB
2004
80 GB
2006
160 GB
2007
Hard drive
Magnetic data storage
Uses nanotechnology!

11. Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits
Hitachi

12. Magnetic Data Storage
A computer hard drive stores your data magnetically
“Read”
Head
Signal
“Write”
Head
current
magnets S N
Disk N S 1 _
“Bits” of
information
direction of disk motion

13. Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology
The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology
Granular Media
Perpendicular
Write Head
Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL)
coil
1 bit
Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006)
• CHM Goal: Make "perfect" media
using self-assembled nano-templates
• Also, making new designs for storage

14. Applications of Nanotechnology
Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, and others) are of significant and growing importance.
Some applications of nanotechnology has been around for a very long time already:
Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles
Photographic film - silver nanoparticles
Tires - carbon black nanoparticles
Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium

15. Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?
To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more -- a sustainable future!)
To discover completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

16. The National Nanotechnology Initiative
nano.gov - the website of the NNI

17. Types of Nanostructures
and How They Are Made

18. "Nanostructures" Nanoscale Devices and Systems Nano-objects
Nanostructured Materials
"nanorod"
"nanoparticle"
"nanofilm"
"nanotube"
and more
nanoscale outer
dimensions
nanoscale internal
structure
Integrated nano-objects and materials

19. Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing
"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods
Lithography
Deposition
Etching
Machining
Chemical
Self-Assembly

20. Some nanomaterials are just alternate arrangements of well-known materials
Carbon materials
diamond
graphite
2010 Nobel
Prize!
C60
graphene
carbon nanotubes 20

21. Nanofilms Nanofilm on glass Nanofilm on plastic
Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes
"Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light

22. A nanofilm method: Thermal Evaporation
sample
QCM
Vaporization or sublimation of a heated material onto a substrate in a vacuum chamber
film
vapor
Au, Cr, Al, Ag, Cu, SiO, others
Pressure is held low
to prevent contamination!
vacuum
~10-7 torr
source
There are many other
thin film manufacturing
techniques
heating source
vacuum
pump

23. Patterning: Photolithography
process recipe
apply
spin
bake
spin coating
substrate
spin on resist
resist
expose
mask (reticle)
exposed
unexposed
"scission"
narrow line
narrow trench
develop
liftoff
etch
deposit

24. Patterning: Imprint Lithography
Thermal Imprint Lithography
Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating
UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography
Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold
Mold Template
Polymer or Prepolymer
Substrate
Imprint
Pressure
Heat or Cure
Release

25. Limits of Lithography IBM - Copper Wiring On a Computer Chip
Complex devices need to be patterned several times
Takes time and is expensive
Limited by wavelength of light
Deep UV ~ 30nm features
Can use electrons instead
1nm features possible
MUCH slower than optical
IBM - Copper Wiring
On a Computer Chip

26. Self
Assembly

27. An Early Nanotechnologist?

28. Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov
...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....
A nanofilm!

29. "Quantum Dots" by Chemical Synthesis (reverse-micelle method)
"Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse Semiconductor Nanocrystallites," C. Murray, D. Norris, and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993)
Color is determined by particle size!

30. Interaction with Light
E = hf a
420 THz
750 THz
"Artificial atom"
Many applications: solar cells, biomarkers, lighting, and more!

31. SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS
Block “B”
Block “A” PS
PMMA
~10 nm
Scale set by molecular size
Ordered Phases
10% A
30% A
50% A
70% A
90% A

32. Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system
CORE CONCEPT
FOR NANOFABRICATION
Deposition
Template
Etching
Mask
Nanoporous
Membrane
(physical or
electrochemical)
Remove polymer
block within cylinders
(expose and develop)
Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system

33. Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask
nanoporous template
1x1012 magnets/in2
Pulse reverse electrodeposition results in improved microcrystalline structure and improved magnetic properties (larger perpendicula magnetocrystalline anisotropy)
Data Storage...
...and More

34. More Applications of
Nanotechnology

35. Solar Cells Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.
Konarka

36. Electric Solar Cells Sunlight - - - - -- - - - + 0.5 Volt
p-n junction interface
Sunlight -
cross-sectional view
“load”
n-type silicon
0.5 Volt
Voltage
p-type silicon +
The electric power produced is proportional to the area of the solar cell
Current

37. Nanostructured Solar Cells
Sunlight -
“load”
Voltage +
Current
More interface area - More power!

38. Nanomedicine: Cancer Therapy
targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment
tumor
gold nanoshells
Halas group, Rice Univ.

39. Nanotechnology is an example of The Medici Effect at work People from diverse fields working together -- more rapidly solving important problems in our society
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Materials Science
Polymer Science
Electrical Engineering
Chemical Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Medicine
And others
Electronics
Materials
Health/Biotech
Chemical
Environmental
Energy
Food
Aerospace
Automotive
Security
Forest products

40. Cooperation and Collaboration Across Professions Makes It Happen
Cooperation of academia, industry, and government to advance science and technology
Example: America Competes Act (Dec. 2010)
- Nanotechnology and Education play key roles
Example: American Manufacturing Partnership (June 2011)
Education + Science + Engineering + Business + Policy + More 40

41. A Message for Students Nanotechnology is changing practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to solve technological challenges facing societies across the world