1. Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Modeling,

2. Pavlov labeled things in his experiment: Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): An event/object that causes a predictable response WITHOUT training (the food) Unconditioned Response (UCR): The reaction that occurs automatically when the UCS is present (salivating) *These occur NATURALLY and require NO conditioning!!! CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PAVLOV

3. Pavlov added things to his experiment: Neutral Stimulus: An event/object that DOES NOT cause the UCR (bell BEFORE conditioning) Conditioned Stimulus (CS): the neutral stimulus AFTER conditioning. Causes the CR (the bell AFTER conditioning) Conditioned Response (CR): the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus (salivation at the BELL, not food) *Be aware that the CR and the CS are AFTER conditioning even though they are similar to the UCR and UCS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PAVLOV

5. Generalization: occurs when an animal response to a second stimulus similar to the original CS (dog salivates to ALL bells regardless of tone) Discrimination: occurs when an animal can tell the difference between stimuli (dog only salivates at large bells, but not small ones) Extinction: occurs when an animal no longer responds to the CS (bell is rung too many times without giving food) GENERAL PRINCIPLES

7. Office Pavlov

8. Operant Conditioning: learning from the consequences of behavior. Designed by B.F. Skinner Uses a combination of rewards and punishments Subject can affect their environment, unlike classical conditioning OPERANT CONDITIONING

9. Positive/Negative: In OC, positive=adding(+) and negative=subtracting(-). REMEMBER THIS!!! Reinforcement: a stimulus or event that INCREASES the likelihood of a behavior occurring again ( ↑ ). DOES NOT MEAN REWARD!!! Positive Reinforcement: Adding a good stimulus (reward) EX: Do the dog trick, get a doggy treat Negative Reinforcement: Subtracting a bad stimulus (escape) EX: Child whines, remove the punishment (spoiling) OPERANT CONDITIONING

10. Punishment: a stimulus or event that DECREASES the likelihood of a behavior occurring again ( ↓ ). Positive Punishment: Adding a bad stimulus (punishment) EX: If you bark, you get shocked Negative Punishment: Subtracting a good stimulus (penalty) EX: Being grounded from the TV OPERANT CONDITIONING

11. (REWARD)(ESCAPE) (PUNISHMENT)(PENALTY)

12. Big Bang Theory: Operant Conditioning BIG BANG THEORY EXAMPLE

13. P ositive/ N egative? R einforcement/ P unishment OPERANT CONDITIONING HELP Adding = Positive Subtracting = Negative Repeat behavior? = Reinforcement No repeat? = Punishment

14. Primary Reinforcers: satisfy or reduce a basic human need, such as hunger EX: Food, water, or shelter Secondary Reinforcers: a stimulus that becomes reinforcing through its link with a primary reinforcer EX: Money, good grades, poker chips TYPES OF REINFORCERS

15. Feedback: finding out the results of an action or performance EX: Getting advice from a coach Transfer: the effects of past learning on the ability to learn new tasks Positive Transfer: when previous skills help learn new tasks EX: Playing a new video game w/ the same skills as an old one Negative Transfer: when previous skills hurt the learning of new skills EX: Driving in England LEARNING FACTORS

16. Practice: the repetition of tasks in order to make the skill/action more smooth and fluent Physical Practice: physically repeating a task/action EX: Shooting from the free throw line over and over Mental Practice: imagining yourself doing a task/action EX: Imagining taking a three pointer LEARNING FACTORS

17. Feedback Transfer Practice PRACTICE

18. Social Learning Theory: A theory by Albert Bandura. People learn by observing others and “model” their behavior. Bandura’s Experiment: 1.Show children a video of an adult demonstrating violent behavior to a doll 2.Put children into a room with the doll 3.See if the children behave violently Bandura Experiment MODELING

19. Three kinds of Modeling: 1.Follower: you do what everyone else is doing. NO learning takes place. EX: Clapping during a speech if everyone does it 2.Imitation: Also called Observational Learning. You watch a behavior and imitate it. You can now do something that you previously could not. LEARNING takes place EX: Learning a magic trick 3.Disinhibition: observing someone doing a threatening activity with no punishment, the observer is more likely to try the activity EX: Snake phobia MODELING

20. Follower Imitation Disinhibition PRACTICE