1. EARLY DEMANDS FOR EQUALITY Mark Manbeck

2. ESSENTIAL QUESTION  What were the events before the Civil Rights Movement that created an environment of inequality, and what were some early acts that motivated equality as well?

3. SEGREGATION DIVIDES AMERICA  De Jure Segregation:  Segregation that is imposed by law  De Facto segregation  Segregation by custom or tradition

4. JIM CROW AND PLESSY  Jim Crow Laws  More Subtle  Plessy vs. Ferguson 1896  “Separate But Equal”  Was it Equal?

5. THE MOVEMENT GROWS  Executive Order 9981  1948  Truman desegregates military  Jackie Robinson 1947 (debut date)  First African-American Baseball player  Thurgood Marshall  Rejected from Maryland Law School  Lawyer for Brown vs. Board

6. ORGANIZATIONS  NAACP  National Association for the Advanceme nt of Colored People  SNCC *more later*  Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee  SCLC  Southern Christian Leadership Conference

7. BROWN VS. BOARD 1954  Oliver Brown  Friend Convinced him to join lawsuit  Brown’s daughter (3 rd grader) had to walk to black school  White one was much closer  Railroad Tracks

8. OTHER CASES JOINED WITH BROWN  Davis v County School Board of Prince Edward County (High school students)  Virginia  Only one initiated by student protest  Barbara Rose Johns

9. OTHER CASES JOINED WITH BROWN  Briggs vs. Elliot  Summerton, South Carolina  Segregation Originally lawful  Later overturned

10. BROWN V. BOARD DECISION  Found segregation to be unconstitutional  Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson  Unanimous opinion

11. THE SOUTH REBELS  “Southern Manifesto”  Ku Klux Klan revival  “White Citizen’s Council

12. LITTLE ROCK

14. LITTLE ROCK NINE  September 4, 1957  Integrated Little Rock Central High, AR  Gov. Orval Faubus  “The Lost Year”

15. LITTLE ROCK  First day Little Rock 9 could not attend school  National Guard  Verbal and Physical Assault

16. EISENHOWER ACTS  Eisenhower sends Army  Students get armed escorts  All students stayed but one  Ernest Green first to graduate

17. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1957  Established the United States Civil Rights Commission  Power to investigate violations to civil rights  Lacked effectiveness  First Civil rights bill passed since Reconstruction

18. MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT  Rosa Parks  Seamstress  Montgomery Bus Law  Rosa refused  Arrested  Started Movement  Montgomery Bus Boycott begins