2. Accounting Principles Second Canadian Edition Prepared by: Carole Bowman, Sheridan College Julia Banks, Cairine Wilson Weygandt · Kieso · Kimmel · Trenholm

3. CORPORATIONS: DIVIDENDS, RETAINED EARNINGS, AND INCOME REPORTING CHAPTER 14

4. DIVIDENDS A dividend is a distribution of a portion of a corporation’s earnings to its shareholders on a pro rata (equal) basis. Dividends may be in the form of –Cash –Shares (normally common shares) Expressed in two ways: 1. as a $ amount per share 2. as a percentage of the stated or par value of the shares Generally reported quarterly as a dollar amount per share Sometimes expressed as a % where dividend rate is calculated by multiplying the rate by the legal capital to determine annual dividend rate. Example: 8% preferred dividend with a stated value of $100 would have an annual dividend of $8 per share Generally declared and paid out quarterly

5. CASH DIVIDEND$ A cash dividend is a pro rata (equal) distribution of cash to shareholders. For a cash dividend to occur, a corporation must have: 1.Sufficient retained earnings, 2.Adequate cash, and 3.Declared dividends by the BOD. They are not a liability until declared.

6. ENTRIES FOR CASH DIVIDENDS Three dates are important in connection with dividends: –Declaration date –Record date –Payment date Normally 2-4 weeks in between dates Accounting entries made on declaration date and payment date.

7. Entries For Cash Dividends Cont’… Declaration Date BOD commits the corporation to a legal obligation. It is binding and cannot be reversed. Usually paid within a month of declaration. Journal Entry On Dec. 1, 2003, the directors of Media General declare a $.50 per share cash dividend on 100,000 common shares. Dec. 1 Cash Dividends – Common50,000 Dividends Payable50,000 To record declaration of cash dividend. Note: Cash Dividends account is like a “drawings account.” It will be closed out to the retained earnings account and will decrease it. Some companies debit the retained earnings account directly.

8. Entries For Dividends Declaration Date  Record Date Corporation updates its share ownership records and determines the ownership of the shares Payment Date Dividend cheques are mailed to shareholders and the payment of the dividend is recoreded. Journal Entry On Jan. 20 dividend cheques totally $50,000 are mailed out. Jan. 20Dividends Payable50,000 Cash50,000 To record payment of cash dividend

9. ALLOCATING CASH DIVIDENDS BETWEEN PREFERRED AND COMMON SHARES Cash dividends must first be paid to preferred shareholders before any common shareholders are paid. When preferred shares are cumulative, any dividends in arrears must be paid to preferred shareholders before allocating any dividends to common shareholders. When preferred shares are non-cumulative, only the current year’s dividend must be paid to preferred shareholders before paying any dividends to common shareholders.

10. Journal Entry Examples At December 31, 2003, IBR Inc. has 1,000 $8 cumulative preferred shares. It also has 50,000 common shares. At December 31, 2003, the directors declare a $6,000 cash dividend. The required annual preferred dividend is $8,000. (1,000 x $8). In this case, the entire $6,000 dividend goes to preferred shareholders. Dec. 31Cash Dividends – Preferred6,000 Dividends Payable6,000 To record partial cash dividend to preferred shareholdes Note: This declaration results in a $2 per share dividends in arrears. If at December 31, 2004, IBR declares a $50,000 cash dividend the entry would be: Dec. 31Cash Dividend – Preferred10,000 Cash Dividend – Common40,000 Dividends Payable50,000 To record declaration of cash dividends. Notes: Total Dividend: $50,000 Preferred Dividends in arrears from 2003 (1,000 x $2)$2,000 2004 Preferred Dividend (1,000 x $8) 8,000 Remainder to common shares40,000 $50,000

11. STOCK DIVIDENDS A stock dividend is a pro rata (equal) distribution of the corporation’s own shares to its shareholders. A stock dividend results in a decrease in retained earnings and an increase in share capital since a portion of retained earnings is transferred to legal capital. In most cases, the fair market value is assigned to the dividend shares. Total shareholders’ equity and the legal capital per share remain the same. There is no change in assets either.

12. Stock Dividends Stock dividend results in the ownership of more shares, but the ownership interest reamins the same for the shareholder. Example: Assume you have 2% ownership in IBR Inc. You own 1,000 of its 50,000 common shares. If IBR declares a 10% stock dividend it would issue 5,000 shares. (50,000 x 10%). You would receive 2% of the 5,000 shares which is equal to 100 shares. Your ownership remains at 2% (1,100 / 55,000)

13. For company –To satisfy shareholders' dividend expectations without spending cash –To increase marketability of its shares by increasing number of shares and decreasing market price per share –To reinvest and restrict a portion of shareholders' equity PURPOSES AND BENEFITS OF STOCK DIVIDENDS

14. For shareholder –More shares with which to earn additional dividend income –More shares for future profitable resale, as share price climbs again

15. Stock Dividend Journal Entries Medland Corporation has a blance of $300,000 in retained earnings. On June 30, 2003, it declares a 10% stock dividend on its 50,000 no par value common shares. The current fair market value of its shares is $15 per share. The number of shares to be issued is 5,000 (10% of 50,000). The total amount to be debited to Stock dividends account is $75,000 (5,000 x $15). The journal entry would be: June 30Stock Dividends – Common75,000 Common Stock Dividends Distributable75,000 To record declaration of 10% stock dividend. Note: If common shares had a stated value of $10, the entry would be as follows: June 30Stock Dividends – Common75,000 Common Stock Dividends Distributable50,000 Contributed Capital in Excess of CS Div. Distributable25,000 To record declaration of 10% stock dividend.

16. Stock Dividends and the Balance Sheet ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Medland Corporation Balance Sheet (partial) June 30, 2003 Shareholder’s Equity Share capital Common Shares$500,000 Common Stock Dividends Distributable 75,000 $575,000 Retained Earnings 225,000 Total Shareholder’s Equity $800,000 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ Note: Common Stock Dividends Distributable is a Shareholder’s Equity account. Is is not a liability, because assets are not being used to pay the dividend. Once the dividends are issued the journal entry would be when there is no stated value: Aug. 5Common Stock Dividends Distributable75,000 Common Shares75,000 To record the issue of 5,000 shares in stock dividend.

17. ILLUSTRATION 15-4 STOCK DIVIDEND EFFECTS Stock dividends change the composition of shareholders’ equity because a portion of retained earnings is transferred to contributed capital. However, total shareholders’ equity remains the same. The number of shares increases and this means that the book value per share decreases. Before After Stock DividendStock Dividend Shareholders’ equity Common shares Retained earnings Total shareholders’ equity Issued shares Book value per share $500,000 300,000 $800,000 50,000 $ 16.00 $575,000 225,000 $800,000 55,000 $ 14.55

18. STOCK SPLITS A stock split involves the issue of additional shares to shareholders according to their percentage of ownership. In a stock split, the number of shares is increased in the same proportion that legal capital per share is decreased. A stock split has no effect on total share (contributed) capital, retained earnings, or shareholders’ equity. Purpose of a stock split is to increase the marketability of the shares by lowering the market value per share. –Increases investor interest

19. STOCK SPLIT EFFECTS A stock split does not affect total share capital, retained earnings, or shareholders’ equity. However: 1. the number of shares increases; and 2. book value per share decreases. Since a stock split does not affect any account balances, it is not necessary to record a journal entry. A memo noting the details would be added to any financial reports. Example of a Stock Split of 2 for 1. Before After Stock SplitStock Split Shareholders’ equity Common shares Retained earnings Total shareholders’ equity Issued shares Book value per share $500,000 300,000 $800,000 50,000 $ 16.00 $500,000 300,000 $800,000 100,000 $ 8.00

20. EFFECTS OF STOCK SPLITS, STOCK DIVIDENDS, AND CASH DIVIDENDS Stock Stock Cash Split Dividend Dividend Total assets NE NE  Total liabilities NE NE NE Total shareholders’ equity NE NE  Total share capital NE  NE Total retained earnings NE   Legal capital per share  NE NE Book value per share    Number of shares   NE % of shareholder ownership NE NE NE NE = No effect  = Increase  = Decrease

21. RETAINED EARNINGS Retained earnings is the cumulative net earnings (less losses) and less declared dividends. Retained Earnings, Opening balance + Annual Net earnings (or - net loss) - Dividends = Retained earnings, Ending balance

22. A debit balance in retained earnings is identified as a DEFICIT and is reported as a deduction in the shareholders’ equity section Shareholders’ equity Share capital Common shares Retained earnings (deficit) Total shareholders’ equity $800,000 (50,000) $750,000 DEFICIT

23. RETAINED EARNINGS RESTRICTIONS In some cases there may be retained earnings restrictions that make a portion of the balance currently unavailable for dividends Restrictions result from one or more of the following causes –Legal –Contractual (i.e. long-term debt contract) –Voluntary (BOD may have plans for future expansion operations that will require more cash availability)

24. PRIOR PERIOD ADJUSTMENTS A prior period adjustment results from 1.the correction of a material error in reporting net income in previously issued financial statements, or 2. changing an accounting principle.

25. PRIOR PERIOD ADJUSTMENTS A correction of an error occurs after the books are closed, and relates to a prior accounting period. A change in an accounting principle occurs when the principle used in the current year is different from the one used in the preceding year. (i.e. change inventory valuation method or change the method of amortization)

26. Accounting for a Prior Period Error General Microwave Corp. discovers in 2003 that it overstated its cost of goods sold in 2002 by $30,000. This error overstates expenses which understates income before and after tax. If the income tax rate is 45% and net income before tax was overstated by $30,000. Then income tax would be understated by $13,500. ($30,000 x.45). The overall impact on the final net income would be an understatement of $16,500 ($30,000 - $13,500). Impact…Merchandise Inventory is understated, the company owes more tax and its retained earnings will be understated. The correcting journal entry would be: Dec. 31Merchandise Inventory 30,000 Income Tax Payable13,500 Retained Earnings16,500 To adjust for overstatement of cost of goods sold in a prior period.

27. PRIOR PERIOD ADJUSTMENTS The cumulative effect of the correction or change (net of income tax) should be –Made directly to Retained Earnings; –Reported in the current year’s Retained Earnings Statement as an adjustment of the beginning balance of Retained Earnings; (see next slide) –Disclosed in a footnote to the financial statements; –Corrected and restated in all prior period financial statements presented; and –The corrected amount or new principle should be used in reporting the results of operations of the current year.

28. Statement of Retained Earnings Correcting Prior Period Error ______________________________________________________________ General Microwave Corp. Statement of Retained Earnings (partial) For the Year Ended December 31, 2003 Balance, January 1, 2003, as previously reported$800,000 Add: Correction for overstatement of cost of goods sold in 2002, net of income tax expense of 413,500 16,500 Balance, January 1, 2003 as adjusted$816,500 ______________________________________________________________ Corrections are not made to current year’s income statements because they apply to prior year’s income. Thus retained earnings is impacted directly to correct prior errors.

29. Accounting for a Change in Accounting Principles or Policies At the beginning of 2003, St. Onge Limited changes from the straight-line method of amortization to the declining-balance method for equipment. Assume that the impact of this change caused an increase in amortization expense of $24,000. This expense would decrease income before tax by $24,000. If the income tax rate was 30% the after-tax effect would be a tax reimbursement of $16,800. [24,000 x (100% - 30%)] The journal entry to correct this change would be: Dec. 31Income Tax Payable (or Recoverable)16 800 Retained Earnings 7200 Accumulated Amortization24,000 To record retroactive effect on capital assets of change in amortization method.

30. Statement of Retained Earnings Correcting Prior Period Error ____________________________________________________________ St. Onge Limited Statement of Retained Earnings (partial) For the Year Ended December 31, 2003 Balance, January 1, 2003, as previously reported$500,000 Less: Cumulative effect of change in amortization method, net of $7,200 income tax savings (16,800) Balance, January 1, 2003, as adjusted $ 483,000 ____________________________________________________________ See pg. 702 & 703 of your text for examples of statement format.

31. Retained Earnings DEBITS AND CREDITS TO RETAINED EARNINGS Many corporations prepare a statement of retained earnings to explain the changes in retained earnings during the year. Some companies combine this statement of retained earnings with their income statement. Debits (Decreases)Credits (Increases) 1. Correction of a prior period error that overstated income 2.Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle that decreased income 3.Net loss 4.Cash dividends 5.Stock dividends 1.Correction of a prior period error that understated income 2.Cumulative effect of a change in accounting principle that increased income 3.Net income

32. CORPORATION INCOME STATEMENTS Useful for evaluating performance of managers and estimate future cash flows The income statement for a corporation includes essentially the same sections as in a proprietorship or a partnership. The major difference is a section for income tax expense. For tax purposes, corporations are considered to be a separate legal entity.

33. INCOME STATEMENT WITH INCOME TAX Sales Cost of goods sold Gross profit Operating expenses Income from operations Other revenues and gains Other expenses and losses Income before income tax Income tax expense Net Income $800,000 600,000 200,000 50,000 150,000 10,000 4,000 156,000 46,800 $109,200 LEADS INC. Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2003

34. Accounting For Income Tax Income tax is calculated annually, but must be estimated and remitted monthly. Thus, the year-end current liability for Taxes Payable is usually much less than the income tax reported on the income statement. Most companies have 2-3 months after year end to remit any unpaid taxes without penalty. Companies have 6 months after their fiscal year end to file their completed income tax return. Assume, Leads Inc. had estimated its income tax would total $42,000. It remitted monthly instalments to Canada Customs and Revenue Agency in the amount of $3,500 a month. At year end, Leads calculated it had owed $46,800 in income tax. What would be the year end adjustment to record taxes still owed to the government? $46,800 – (3,500 x 12) Dec. 31Income Tax Expense4,800 Income Tax Payable4,800 To adjust estimated income tax expense to actual.

35. INTRAPERIOD TAX ALLOCATION Intraperiod tax allocation refers to the procedure of associating income taxes within the fiscal period the income statement covers. (Based on GAAP principles) In contrast, interperiod tax allocation allocates income taxes between two or more periods. (Based on CCRA rules) Under intraperiod tax allocation, the income tax expense or tax saving is shown after the “Income before tax” and before the final “Net Income/Loss” portion of the Income Statement. Each non-typical item discussed next is also shown net of tax.

36. ADDITIONAL SECTIONS OF AN INCOME STATEMENT Additional sections should be added to the income statement to report material items not typical of regular operations. These non-typical times include: 1. Discontinued operations 2. Extraordinary items Each item should be carefully explained in notes to the financial statements, and the income statement should report the income tax expense or savings applicable to each item.

37. STATEMENT PRESENTATION OF DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS Note that the caption “Income from continuing operations” is used and that a section “Discontinued operations” is added. Within the new section, both the operating loss and the loss on disposal are reported net of applicable income tax. Discontinued operations Loss from operations of chemical division, net of $60,000 income tax saving $140,000 Loss from disposal of chemical division, net of $30,000 income tax saving 70,000 210,000 Net income $350,000

38. DISCONTINUED OPERATIONS Discontinued operations refers to the disposal of a significant segment of a business, such as the elimination of an entire activity or of a major class of customers. Income statement reports both income (loss) from continuing operations and income (loss) from discontinued operations. Income (loss) from discontinued operations consists of 1) income (loss) from operations and 2) gain (loss) on disposal of the segment. Both components are reported net of applicable income tax in a section entitled Discontinued Operations, which follows Income from Continuing Operations.

39. EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS Extraordinary items are events and transactions that meet three conditions: –Infrequent –Non-typical –Not subject to management decision Extraordinary items are reported net of income tax in a separate section of the income statement immediately following discontinued operations.

40. ILLUSTRATION 15-18 STATEMENT PRESENTATION OF EXTRAORDINARY ITEMS Extraordinary item Expropriation of property, net of $21,000 income tax saving 49,000

41. EXAMPLES OF EXTRAORDINARY AND ORDINARY ITEMS Extraordinary Items 1.Effects of major casualties (acts of God) if rare in the area 2. Expropriation (takeover) of property by a government 3.Effects of a newly enacted law or regulation, such as a condemnation action Ordinary Items 1.Effects of major casualties (acts of God) if frequent in the area 2. Write down of inventories or write off of receivables 3.Losses attributable to labour disputes 4.Gains or losses from sale of capital assets

42. EARNINGS PER SHARE Earnings per share (EPS) indicates the net income earned by each common share. Companies report earnings per share on the income statement Information is used by shareholders and potential investors in evaluating the profitability of a company. EPS is required for publicly held companies and recommended for private companies. When a company has both preferred and common shares, the current year’s dividend on preferred shares is subtracted from the net income to determine the EPS on common shares. The formula to calculate earnings per share when there has been no change in shares during the year is as follows: Net Income – Preferred Dividends Number of Common Shares Earnings per Share 

43. HWA ENERGY, INC. Net income $301,000 Earnings per share Income from continuing operations Loss from discontinued operations Income before extraordinary item Extraordinary loss Net income ADDITIONAL EARNINGS PER SHARE DISCLOSURES When the income statement contains any non-typical item, EPS should be disclosed for each component. $5.60 (2.10) 3.50 (.49) $3.01

44. PRICE - EARNINGS RATIO The price-earnings (P/E) ratio helps investors determine whether the shares are a good investment in relation to earnings. It is a per share calculation, calculated by dividing the market price of the shares by its earnings per share. A high P/E ratio can be one indicator that investors believe the company has future growth potential. Market price per share  Earnings per share Price-Earnings Ratio

45. COPYRIGHT Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted by CANCOPY (Canadian Reprography Collective) is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Canada, Ltd. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his / her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The author and the publisher assume no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.