1. Bruises and Blessings Feraco Myth to Science Fiction 13 September 2011

2.  Before he goes on the journey to the Cedar Forest, Gilgamesh doesn’t seem to value the life he grows terrified of losing.  Think about how he spends his time!  He’s overwhelmed by the shallowness of his existence, acts on base desires without heed for their impact on others, and does nothing to change his ways even though they’re contributing to his misery.  He’s selfish, inconsistent, and crude; his mother, Ninsun, believes Shamash cursed her son with a “restless heart.” Wasting Life

3. Counterpart/Outlet  What Gilgamesh needs is a counterpart, an equal, someone to serve as an outlet for whatever uncontrollable urges seize him at any given moment.  He has none.  Gilgamesh is isolated – from his people, from his gods, from himself.  The only companion he has (save the women he takes advantage of) is Ninsun.  He doesn’t naturally reach out to others  We see this reflected in his behavior during his search for Utnapishtim in the epic’s second half.

4.  The story seems to equate loneliness with weakness, isolation with instability – and togetherness with peace  The lonely king essentially tears at his world instead of tending to its foundations, repeating the binge- purge-suffer cycle, never demonstrating any sort of growth nor knowing any peace.  While Gilgamesh hungers for more, a desire that manifests itself violently in his actions, he doesn’t seem to know how to break free or reach out. Instability vs. Peace

5.  Meanwhile, it’s easy to miss, but the beginning of the story features a loss for Enkidu.  While it’s different from the one Gilgamesh eventually suffers, it’s just as profound.  After the wild man’s encounter with the prostitute, Shamhat – whose surprisingly complicated role in the epic will be explored later – the animals shun him, and he loses his ability to communicate with the only beings he’s ever known.  Thus Enkidu is essentially cast out of Eden, provided the Steppe counts as Paradise: his new knowledge of Man (specifically, Man from the Walled City) pollutes him in the eyes of his former friends. All I’m Losing is Me

6.  Resigning himself to his new life, Enkidu then sides with the humans against the animals, helping the shepherds by driving the lions away and capturing the wolves.  This betrayal forever isolates him from them; there is no going back.  While this transformation reflects ancient attitudes regarding man’s relationship with the natural world – Enkidu was seen as automatically better off now that he’s encountered civilizing influences – it’s worth noting that he’s now suddenly and fundamentally alone. Alone…

7.  The gift Gilgamesh and Enkidu gives each other, then, is one of connection – the thing that breaks the former’s cycle of suffering while relieving the latter’s newfound pain.  When they first meet, both men are a bit unbalanced, needing to reconcile their wildness with their humanity. …Together

8.  Enkidu becomes the archetypal Young Man from the Provinces, coming in from the outside to revitalize Uruk by “curing” the king of his melancholy.  He removes the king’s isolation and stands steadfastly by his side – a marked contrast from the citizens of Uruk, who only defend Gilgamesh because they must. The Young Man from the Provinces

9.  And just as Enkidu relieves Gilgamesh of his loneliness, the king confers a new purpose upon his friend.  Each gives the other his missing piece of humanity.  One could argue that each brings out the best in his counterpart, for they aren’t wild in the same way. Gifted Purpose

10.  In some ways, Gilgamesh proves more “savage” than his new friend; while the king seemingly lives to ravage and consume, Enkidu lives to preserve and support.  Everything we know about him, save his wildness, reflects a quality we wish we could see in ourselves – whereas very little of what Gilgamesh does seems worth doing.  Enkidu understands compassion and brotherhood, shows both courage and caution, and ultimately pays the price – unwillingly, but still – that spares his friend’s life.  Gilgamesh only rediscovers his human values through Enkidu, and the story lionizes him in turn. Relative Savagery

11.  When we first meet him, Gilgamesh won’t engage with the world, refusing to acknowledge the unity of things and living out a pale shadow of life behind his towering walls.  So the world goes to him in the form of Enkidu, breaching the old defenses, leaving Gilgamesh both more alive and more vulnerable than ever before.  With his new friend, the king comes to know triumph, but also learns of despair. Triumph and Despair

12.  If Gilgamesh never meets Enkidu, never makes a friend, he’ll never feel the pain of loss…but he’ll never know the happiness he finds once his loneliness shatters.  Is it a worthwhile trade? Is it really better to have loved and lost than to never have loved at all…in Gilgamesh’s case?  Moreover, is Gilgamesh’s grief selfish – does he mourn Enkidu’s loss simply because he feels reduced without him? The Big Questions

13.  At first blush, it seems odd that a man who lived as brutally as Gilgamesh did would grieve a lost life so heavily.  Perhaps it’s a matter of meaning; his life was meaningless before Enkidu arrived, and Gilgamesh has no desire to return to the way things were.  Or perhaps it’s a larger metaphysical / thematic concern: Thorkild Jacobsen says that Gilgamesh is a “revolt against death,” that the story essentially posits that a just and good universe would allow man’s glories to continue uninterrupted (whereas death merely prevents us from reaching our potential and discovering our true meaning). Interrupted Potential

14.  Thus we ask ourselves questions about the nature of death.  Is it simply a termination?  A snuffing out of possibility and potential?  A gateway to something greater?  Is there meaning in death, or is death meaningless? Questions About Death

15.  Does some of life’s urgency come from that final consequence – the knowledge, however acknowledged, that life ends no matter what we do?  And can one find meaning in life without enduring terrible pain? Can one find meaning without risk? You need bruises to know blessings, and I have known both. Frances Shand Kydd  More to follow… The Last Big Questions