4. WHAT IS 3-D PRINTING? Three-dimensional printing is a method of converting a virtual 3D model into a physical object. 3-D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where three dimensional objects are created by successive layers of material. Additive manufacturing: is the process of making a part or product by adding successive layers of material in a relatively efficient way,

5. What is 3-D Printer? A device which is used for 3-D printing is called 3-D Printer. In recent years 3D printers have become financially accessible to small and medium sized business, so it is use both in heavy industry and in the office environment. These printers use in the industrial design, architecture, automotive, aerospace, dental and medical industries. Uses

7.  "Three-Dimensional Printing - A Tool for Solid Modeling" was presented and officially "published" at the April 1991 Conference of the National Computer Graphics Association. INVENTION Previous means of producing a prototype typically took many hours, tools, and skilled labor. For example, after a new street light was digitally designed, drawings were sent to skilled craftspeople where the design on paper was followed and a three-dimensional prototype was produced in wood,which was too expensive and time taking. Hence the need to develop a faster and cheaper process to produce prototypes. As an answer to this need, rapid prototyping was born.

8.  It has even been reported that Ford Motor Company has resumed cooperation with art schools in order to train the next generation of "clay modelers" for the visualization of automobiles. FORD MOTOR COMPANY CRITICISIM  It seemed that most attendees were convinced that computer graphics would very soon eliminate the use of physical models for "visualization." Recently, more people seem to realize that "real physical models" cannot be replaced by "virtual models."

9.  Resolution is given in layer thickness and X-Y resolution in dpi (dot per inch).  Typical layer thickness is around 100 micrometers (0.1 mm), while X-Y resolution is comparable to that of laser printers.  The particles (3D dots) are around 50 to 100 micrometers (0.05-0.1 mm) in diameter.

10. Increase Innovation Print prototypes in hours, obtain feedback, refine designs and repeat the cycle until designs are perfect Improve Communication Hold a full color, realistic 3D model in your hands to impart infinitely more information than a computer image. Create physical 3D models quickly, easily and affordably for a wide variety of applications. The most successful companies have adopted 3D printing as a critical part of the iterative design process to

11. Speed Time To Market Compress design cycles by 3D printing multiple prototypes on demand, right in your office. Reduce Development Costs Cut traditional prototyping and tooling costs Identify design errors earlier. Reduce travel to production facilities. Win Business Bring realistic 3D models to prospective accounts, sponsors and focus groups.

12.  A two part urethane can be added to the model to give it the properties of rubber.  Models can be electroplated to give the look and feel of a range of metals.  Manufactured model parts can be combined with real parts to produce a fully functioning product that can then be tested and evaluated. Some Interesting Advantages

13. Standard applications include  Design visualization  Prototyping/Modeling  Metal casting  Architecture  Education  Healthcare  Entertainment/Retail

14.  With a 3D Printer, you can create mockups (models) of your product within hours. Many users have saved a lot of time and money by creating product mockups.  Objects can be formed with any geometric complexity without the need for elaborate machine setup or final assembly;  Additive fabrication systems reduce the construction of complex objects to a manageable, straightforward, and relatively fast process. Manageable: Geometric complexity: Product Mockups:

15. Engineering:  Engineers only have to make a 3D graphic image & have it using a 3D printer. Architecture.  Architects need to create models of their designs.  They make models in a short time and with a higher degree of accuracy.

16. Education:  3D printing allows teachers to create more accurate visual aids for students  They learn more about the subject matter. Advertising and marketing. Advertisers and marketers need their clients to have a more solid idea of the products they are selling. Creating 3D models of their products gives them an edge that can boost their sales.

17. Medicine.  There are many medical cases where surgical procedures can be a touch-and-go thing.  A single error and loss of life.  Many surgeons now use 3D to practice on the procedure.  It gives them more confidence and increases their chances of success in the operation.

18.  MUHAMMAD UMAR SAIFI  MIAN UZAIR SARFARAZ  NAUMAN AHMED  WAQAS GILLANI  ADIL MEHMOOD