1. The University Experience Dr. Steve Desch Dept. Physics & Astronomy Arizona State University Pathways to College Arizona State University April 22, 2006

2. What do students do at a university? Students learn what has been discovered about the world. Taking classes. Doing homework. Researching topics. ASKING QUESTIONS! Students make new discoveries. Undergraduates solve assigned problems and sometimes discover something totally new. Graduate students are expected to discover something new to get Ph.D!

3. Examples of homework problems 1.Time of sunrise and sunset 2.Emission of radiation from nebulae Examples of research projects 1.Formation of our Solar System 2.Composition of Pluto’s moon Charon Outline

4. Examples of homework problems 1. Time of sunrise and sunset north pole  = declination equator West South sunset = latitude

5. Examples of homework problems 1. Time of sunrise and sunset north pole  = declination equator West South sunset sunset hour angle = latitude

6. cos (Sunset Hour Angle) = - tan(  ) tan( ) Declination  = 23.44  sin(x), x = 360  x (# Days since March 21) / 365.25 (Sunset Hour Angle) / 360  = (Time of Sunset) / 24 hours “Time of Sunset” = number of hours between when Sun is highest in the sky and sunset. But wait... the Sun is not highest in the sky at noon! Examples of homework problems 1. Time of sunrise and sunset

7. In Phoenix, Sun is highest in the sky at 12:00 + (28.3 + 7.53 cos(x) + 1.5 sin(x) - 9.87 sin(2x) ) minutes x = 360  x (# Days since March 21) / 365.25 Examples of homework problems 1. Time of sunrise and sunset Phx not in middle of time zone Earth’s orbit around Sun is an ellipse Earth’s axis tilted relative to its orbit Students used Excel to solve for times of sunrise and sunset

8. Jan. 1 June 21 Mar. 20

10. Examples of homework problems 2. Emission from nebulae

11. Examples of homework problems 2. Emission from nebulae The green light observed in many nebulae is emitted by atoms by the same process at work in neon lights. In each case, the electrons in the atoms change energy and emit light of very particular wavelengths. Instead of neon or argon, though, the atoms are doubly ionized oxygen atoms, O +2 Neon atoms Argon atoms

12. Examples of homework problems 2. Emission from nebulae 3P13P1 3P03P0 3P23P2 1D21D2 1S01S0 Five lowest energies an electron can have in an O +2 ion When electrons in O +2 change energy, they emit green light with wavelengths of 4959 and 5007 Angstroms, and blue light with wavelength of 4363 Angstroms 5007 A 4959 A 4363 A

13. Examples of homework problems 2. Emission from nebulae Class assignment was to solve for the rates at which electrons in O +2 change energy levels, and the rates at which O +2 atoms emit light. Students set up a system of 5 linear equations for 5 unknowns. This has to be solved using linear algebra (matrices). The students wrote computer programs to solve these equations. Astrophysicists routinely use the same techniques to determine temperatures and densities of gas in nebulae.

14. Examples of research problems 1. How did our Solar System form? Meteorites formed at the birth of the Solar System. Measurements of different isotopes in meteorites tell us that the early Solar System contained many radioactive elements. Evidence for one of these, 60 Fe, was discovered at ASU in 2003! Where did it come from? Tachibana & Huss (2003)

15. Examples of research problems 1. How did our Solar System form? A lot of my research at ASU focuses on showing that it could only have come from a nearby supernova. But how did our Sun happen to form near a supernova? Cassiopeia A supernova remnant

16. Examples of research problems 1. How did our Solar System form? The research of one of my ASU colleagues, Jeff Hester, focuses on how stars form. A lot of them, he finds, form near massive stars, the type that go supernova!

17. Examples of research problems 1. How did our Solar System form? Orion Nebula

18. protoplanetary disks ~ 1 light-year HST image, Orion Nebula Solar Systems are forming right now next to a star that will go supernova in about 1 million years!

19. Examples of research problems 1. How did our Solar System form? ASU graduate student Nic Ouellette is calculating what happens to those new solar systems when a supernova shock hits them. Results: it is not destroyed! In fact, radioactive elements from the supernova get into the new solar system!!

20. Examples of research problems 2. What is Pluto’s moon made of? Gemini North Observatory, Mauna Kea, Hawaii Charon & Pluto

21. Examples of research problems 2. What is Pluto’s moon made of?

22. Examples of research problems 2. What is Pluto’s moon made of? ASU graduate student Jason Cook is the first to conclusively identify ammonia in the ice on Charon’s surface! Ammonia-water mixture melts easily, acts like lava on Europa, Titan, and Enceladus. Maybe Charon, too? We are currently working toward figuring out whether liquid water could exist under the ice on Charon.

23. What is the university experience? Being a witness to discovery. Universities are where many discoveries about the world are made, and students have a front-row seat. Learning skills. Acquiring the tools needed to analyze the world. Learning how to learn. University educations are interactive. Asking questions is fundamental. Students learn to take control of their education, and to find the answers to their own questions. Being an agent of discovery. Every university graduate is expected to master critical thinking, analysis, and the ability to make sense of an otherwise chaotic world.