1. Examining the Economic Effect of Various Forms of Pharmaceutical Intellectual Property By Alex McGuigan

2. Purpose/Goal Creating an economic simulation that can effectively replicate scenarios regarding intellectual property Finding the economic viability of our current pharmaceutical laws Looking for other solutions to our intellectual property situation

3. Scope Measuring pharmaceutical IP with economic data from 1980-2000 Different IP laws –American IP: 20 year patent, heavy FDA regulation, high legal, heavy healthcare reg Test reforms to IP laws –Other countries’ IP –No IP laws

4. Background US IP laws are highly contentious –Companies charge high prices for drugs Can take advantage of inelastic demand Price the poor in Third World out of the market –Third World nations ignore US IP laws –Companies focus on new, high-tech drugs Much debate exists about the issue –Companies claim that cost of creating drugs leads to prices –Third World thinks they should be accessible to the poor –Mostly rhetoric –Research is from a business or sociological perspective Low economic input, almost no economic research

5. Research Agent-Based Modeling –Usually used for ecological or sociological purposes –Rarely from an economic perspective Sugarscape had a trade component –More sociological than economic Axiomatic in nature Economic –Rarely from a simulation perspective –Usually uses real world data or axioms –Research through analyzing existing data –Agent based modeling can be very useful

6. Agents Vision –Sight –Evaluation of ideas –Profit estimations Metabolism –Efficiency –Management –No consumption of sugar in location Sugar –Wealth –Capital Work to gain as much sugar as possible

7. Scapes (Locations)‏ Locations are ideas –Locations produce a product if occupied –Different IP laws for each No agents allowed Agents from one corporation Any agents Different lengths –Locations have inherent supply/demand –Shaped to measure different kinds of product markets and innovation Pyramid shape of ideas Linear shape –Products will be clustered in nearby locations –Inherent cost to occupy –Initial cost to occupy

8. Corporations Legal teams –Conflicts between agents from different companies Decentralized control of agents –Control through providing funding –Control through firing Agents work for them –Hire agents from a job market for sugar –Agents send portion of profits back –Provide capital for agents Work to gain most sugar possible –Incentive to monopolize

9. Products Each product has a supply/demand market –Supply and demand both have inherent values –Supply also determined by output of product’s locations –Prices and wages alter every turn Based on supply and demand –IP laws apply to them to an extent

10. Lawsuit Two agents attempt to occupy same square, square has one company IP laws Legal teams match – legal score v. legal score Advantage to corporation that owned idea longer, advantage to holding similar ideas

11. Markets Inherent values –Real world data Use real world data to measure market ups and downs –Limited economic estimation by agents and corporations Imperfect Based on vision and estimation

12. Design Adapted MASON version of Sugarscape Test by using real-world data No randomness inside actual mechanics, account for market irrationality through vision and through using data from periods of irrationality Simplicity is the goal

13. Development Adapted MASON version was outdated –Also very large, much of it extraneous –Hard to learn the ins and outs of the program Implementing groups and markets required additional threading Optimization necessary, large cuts made Finding economic solutions was difficult –Trouble with mixed CS and economic concepts Real world data presented challenges –Difficult to find a way to influence agents while remaining decentralized and predetermined –Hard to find and isolate proper economic data

14. Testing – Many trials of each Randomized –Randomized stats –Randomized allocation product effectiveness –Use real world data for agent placement, corporation roster Planned –Products will be roughly placed together –Products and ideas will be placed in specific layouts –Use real world data to influence starting sizes, stats, layouts, etc.

15. Results Was not able to gain results for my specific instance Results became an economic model that can be applied to many situations, especially intellectual property Adapting to other types of intellectual property is merely a matter of changing IP laws in products and locations and using different real world data

16. Conclusion Agent Based Modeling can become a valuable tool for economics, if used in an innovative way Applying real world data is extremely difficult, continue working in spare time Enjoyed this project and plan on expanding it in the future to other areas of intellectual property and economics