1. Conference on NANO-Safety 22-24, April,2009 Ljubljana, Slovenia NANOTECHNOLOGY A challenge or a threat? The Perspective of NGOs Paschalidis Georgios Pan-Hellenic Network of Ecological Organizations (PANDOIKO )

2. Positions taken into account EEB Greenpeace Friends of Earth -Australia MIO-ESCDE PANDOIKO Consumers’ Association of Kavala

3. Background Nanotechnologies are a set of technologies applied on the atomic and molecular scale of matter that aim to create materials within that size range. Nanotechnologies are part of convergent new technologies, which offer synergies between nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology, and cognitive sciences (such as psychology, neuroscience, biology or computer science

4. Background Nanotechnology therefore is a catch-phrase for a growing range of activities and uses at the nano-level, although these can be focused more specifically on particles (such as carbon or silver), materials (engineered with nano structures, such as carbon nano tubes that make up carbon nanofibres), and products (from cosmetics to medicines). Commercialization of nanoapplications and nanoproducts is proceeding quickly, with a large number identified already in the market.

5. Background Proponents of these technologies claim that they will bring about improvements, providing new products and services, enabling increased and new human personal abilities, and generally reshaping societal relationships through innovation in many different sectors. Possible applications include better targeted medicines, more efficient energy storage and lighting, better insulation materials or enhanced physical characteristics of natural resources. Results include improved medical treatment with reduced side effects of drugs, lower energy use, increased productivity in some industries, and reduced resource consumption.

6. Background However, the commercially available products to date in most cases have brought about very limited societal benefits, including products of dubious importance such as stain- free fabrics, lighter and stronger tennis rackets and self-cleaning windows.

7. Background The optimistic assessments of the benefits of nanotechnologies and materials are reminiscent of the promises made when nuclear energy and biotechnology were first introduced. At the time, they were credited with the potential to solve global energy needs or abolish world hunger

8. Background Similarly, many chemicals and substances were welcomed for their benefits before their negative impacts on human health and the environment were identified and understood, including DDT, asbestos and PCBs

9. Background In the wake of these earlier mistakes, civil society groups worldwide are calling for a precautionary approach to the use of nanotechnologies and materials since there is still much we do not know about their environmental and human health impacts. In addition, safety tests performed on bulk materials are not extendable down to the ‘nano’ level enough to confidently predict safety levels

10. EU Policy Development on Nanomaterials: an unfinished and conflicting story In 2006, SCENIHR, an EU Scientific Committee, published its opinion on engineered nanomaterials at the request of the Commission. The Committee recognised the systemic failure of existing chemicals regulatory frameworks to manage the risks on nanomaterials, underlining that existing regulations do not require manufacturers to treat nanomaterials as new chemicals.

11. EU Policy Development on Nanomaterials: an unfinished and conflicting story In its attempts to avoid the regulatory mistakes made in the management of earlier technological developments, the European Commission recognised the need for regulation of risks from nanotechnologies in its Communication on Nanotechnologies

12. EU Policy Development on Nanomaterials: an unfinished and conflicting story But in May 2008, the Commission published its assessment of the current legislative apparatus with relevance to nanomaterials, concluding that no new legal acts are necessary to assure the adequate regulation of all the new materials and applications in products that are and will be available on the market

13. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials NGOs believe that nanomaterials management should be based on the fundamental principles : of sustainable development and the precautionary principle

14. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials Definitions & labeling In order to reach that target, at first we must have: A clear, harmonized and internationally accepted definition of nanotechnologies and nanomaterials to avoid inconsistencies along the “risk governance cycle” and enhance the applicability of existing and future legal frameworks.

15. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials Definitions & labeling Further more all consumer items already available on the market and containing nanoparticles and / or nano-materials should be adequately labeled to allow their easy identification

16. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials Precautionary principle The precautionary principle approach should be adopted before producing and introducing nano- materials in the market for consumer use

17. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials This would help avoid the mistakes made in the case of GMOs, which have entered our daily lives without being properly tested for short and especially long-term effects on human health and the environment. The precautionary principle should cover the entire life-cycle of nano-particles and materials

18. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials Strict regulatory regime Current legislation needs to be amended to more explicitly and comprehensively address nanomaterials, and be strictly implemented if the level of safety for human health and the environment provisioned in existing laws is to be guaranteed.

19. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials Environmental and human health protection and safety Preventing known and potential exposures to nanomaterials that have not been proven safe according to established criteria should be the ultimate aim of effective management of nanomaterials

20. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials Bare in mind that: Current protection controls and measures used in EU environmental laws are designed for “bulk” (‘normal’-sized) material toxicity parameters. The metrics used in existing laws are therefore unsuited to nanomaterials

21. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials Public participation and decision making Nanotechnologies have the potential to transform: the social, economic, and political landscape So the public must participate fully in the decision-making process Its an issue of Democracy

22. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials Lifecycle approach Nanomaterial lifecycle assessments – including manufacturing, transport, product use, and end-of-life management – need to be undertaken.

23. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials Lifecycle approach This approach has also been requested by the UK Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering Full lifecycle environmental, health, and safety impacts must be assessed prior to commercialisation.

24. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials NGOs demand for sustainable governance of nanomaterials NGOs demand that no further market introduction be allowed for products containing manufactured nanomaterials which could lead to exposure of consumers or uncontrolled release in the environment

25. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials Those products already on the market should be regulated according to the REACH approach of “no data, no market”, and should therefore be removed from commercial circulation.

26. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials Further more in order to help establish a policy and regulatory framework on nanomaterials EU must:

27. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials 1. Develop a pre-market registration and approval framework The framework should require registration of public and private research, test-based assessment and approval of near-market uses of nanomaterials

28. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials 2. Undertake and/or continue public consultation on technological innovation, including nanotechnologies and nanomaterials

29. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials 3. Put in place an adequate policy and regulatory framework before further market penetration occurs NGOs call for the development of a nano- specific policy and regulatory framework, addressing existing and future applications

30. NGOs vision for responsible management of nanomaterials And finally: 4. Prioritise research funding on the functioning of natural and human systems with respect to possible impacts of nanomaterials on these

31. Conference on NANO-Safety 22-24, April,2009 Ljubljana, Slovenia Thank you Paschalidis George georgepaschalidis@hotmail.com