1. English Language Arts Level 7 #37 Ms. Walker

2. Today’s Objectives Latin Root Words Using Commas, Semicolons and Colons Idiom of the Day

3. Latin Root Words lingu - language, tongue linguist – one who studies languages; lip/o - fat - liposuction – the removal of fat reserves in the tissue;

4. Latin Root Words lite, ite, lith/o - mineral, rock, fossil apatite – a group of common minerals; log/o - word, doctrine, discourse - logic – correct reasoning;

5. Latin Root Words loc – place - location – a place; relocate – to move to a new place. loqu, locu – speak eloquently – luc – light lucid – easily understood.

6. Break

7. The Comma

8. Purdue University Writing Lab What Is a Comma? A comma is a punctuation mark that indicates a pause is needed in a sentence. Commas help to clarify meaning for the reader.

9. Commas should be used to.. - separate items in a series of three or more. - set off introductory phrases. - set off appositives. - set off nonrestrictive clauses.

10. Commas should be used to.. - set off parts of dates and addresses. - set off parts of compound and complex sentences.

11. Different Uses When there is a list of words in a sentence – We will need hammers, nails and a saw. – Sam frightened the cat, teased the dog and annoyed the neighbours.

12. Purdue University Writing Lab Sentence Structure: Commas in a Series Place commas in a sentence to divide items in a list. The commas will help the reader to avoid confusion.

13. Sentence Structure: Commas in a Series Consider the difference in the following: Last month, Alex dated Mary Ann Lee and Kim. Last month, Alex dated Mary, Ann, Lee, and Kim. Last month, Alex dated Mary Ann, Lee, and Kim.

14. Purdue University Writing Lab Direct Address Use commas to set off nouns with a direct address. Example: Mrs. Barnhart, I love learning grammar! I want to learn more about commas, Tracy, so I can be the best writer!

15. Sentence Structure: Appositives An appositive is a noun or phrase that identifies the person or thing it follows. Use commas to set off MOST appositives. Do not use commas to set off a short appositive, such as one name. This is my friend Kara. Purdue University Writing Lab

16. Different Uses - 3 Commas are used to separate any extra information that is added. The words enclosed by the commas could be left out without changing the general meaning of the sentence.

17. Adding information Paul Mann, our star player, broke his leg in the match on Saturday. The man, who was wearing a blue hat, slid silently into the room.

18. Commas in Quotations Follow the rules for dialogue punctuation. If the He said comes first, place the comma after said. He said, “I know Kung Fu.” Purdue University Writing Lab

19. Commas in Quotations If the he said comes after the quote, place the comma inside the quotation marks after the last word in the quotation. “I’ll dance with you, ” he said.

20. Commas in Quotations If the he said comes in the middle of the quote, place the comma inside the quotation marks after the last word in the first part of the quote and after the he said. “Put the box, ” he said, “in the house.” Purdue University Writing Lab

21. Commas Commas can change the meaning of a sentence. Book Title – Eats shoots and leaves. – Eats, shoots and leaves.

22. Changing meaning 2 The old lady collected all sorts of things: silver, paper, hats, clocks and tablecloths. The old lady collected all sorts of things: silver paper, hats, clocks and tablecloths.

23. Changing meaning 2 The old lady collected all sorts of things: silver, paper hats, clocks and tablecloths.

24. Different Uses - 2 Commas are used to break up longer sentences into smaller parts. When he saw the pirate ship on the horizon, the captain gave the alarm.

25. Other Uses To break up groups of numbers into thousands – 1,999,999 When writing a date – February 14 th, 1990 Inside speech marks – “We are leaving tomorrow,” said Fred.

26. Commas set off parts of addresses. Use commas in addresses to separate the street address from the city and the city from the state or country. The new restaurant is at 3020 Market Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

27. Commas set off parts of addresses. When an address that includes commas falls in the middle of a sentence, place a comma after the state or country. The annual gem show in Franklin, North Carolina, is world famous.

28. Commas set off parts of dates. Use commas to separate the day of the week from the month and the day of the month from the year. I got my first job on Monday, January 28, 1993.

29. Commas set off parts of dates. When a date that includes commas falls in the middle of a sentence, place a comma after the date. August 30, 2004, was our first day of school.

30. Purdue University Writing Lab Clauses and Phrases A clause is a group of words that contains both a subject and a verb that complement each other. A phrase is a group of words that does not contain a subject or a verb that complement each other.

31. Clause: contains a subject and verb. If they form complete thoughts, we call them independent clauses. If they form incomplete thoughts, we call them dependent or subordinate clauses. Phrase: are word clusters lacking a subject and verb combination. Clauses and Phrases

32. 1) We collected the data. (Complete sentence with a subject and verb. This is an independent clause.) 2) While we collected the data (FRAGMENT as is even though it has a subject and verb. This is a dependent clause.) Added slide Clause Examples

33. Purdue University Writing Lab Commas with adjectives Use commas to separate adjectives that provide an equal description of a noun. THE TEST: Can you put “and” between the adjectives?

34. Commas with adjectives big blue house three hungry kittens a cranky, ungrateful man Can they be described in reverse order? If so, use a comma.

35. Purdue University Writing Lab A Common Comma Error: The Comma Splice A comma splice is an error in which two sentences are joined by a comma. We had a nice time, I hope we can meet again soon.

36. Purdue University Writing Lab To Correct a Comma Splice - Insert a conjunction between the two sentences. - Start a new sentence. - Insert a semi-colon between the two sentences.

37. Correct the Comma Splice We had a nice time, and I hope we can meet again soon. (Connect with a conjunction.) We had a nice time. I hope we can meet again soon. (Add a period.) The Internet has revolutionized the business world (;) online sales have increased dramatically this year.

38. Commas Summary

39. Use Commas to… separate items in a series of three or more. set off introductory phrases and parenthetical phrases. set off appositives.

40. Use Commas to… set off nonrestrictive clauses. set off parts of dates and addresses. set off parts of compound and complex sentences

41. Time to practice You will get into groups to practice/model the “varied sentence structure” possible use of commas. Write five sentences. Observe the pattern you must follow on the next slide. Added slide

42. Time to practice 1)Simple sentence 2)Compound sentence 3)Commas in a series 4)Commas used to separate adjectives 5)Appositive

43. Break

44. The Semicolon

45. Semicolon A semicolon is similar to a comma because it is used to make a pause. It is different from a comma because it separates items that commas cannot separate.

46. USE A SEMICOLON Between two complete sentences. Each sentence on either side of the semicolon must be complete with its own subject and verb. EXAMPLE: Please open the window ; it is hot in here.

47. USE A SEMICOLON Between two complete sentences connected by words like however, therefore, consequently, nevertheless, and then.

48. USE A SEMICOLON EXAMPLE: We have study guides to help students ; consequently, students’ scores are reflecting an improvement.

49. USE A SEMICOLON Between items of a series that have internal commas. EXAMPLE: We are thinking about moving to Omaha, Nebraska ; Gainesville, Florida ; or Memphis, Tennessee.

50. 1 st use of a Semicolon The first appropriate use of the semicolon is to connect two related sentences. Complete sentence + ; + complete sentence.

51. 2 nd Use of a Semicolon You can also team up a semicolon with a transition to connect two complete sentences that are close in meaning. Complete sentence + ; + transition +, + complete sentence.

52. 3 rd Use of a Semicolon Finally, use the semicolon to avoid confusion when you have complicated lists of items. The pattern looks like this: Item +, + More Information + ; + Item +, + More Information + ; + and + Item +, + More Information

53. Semicolon Summary

54. Reminders about Semicolon Use Keep these three things in mind when you use a semicolon: 1. The two main clauses that the semicolon joins should be closely related in meaning.

55. Reminders about Semicolon Use 2. Don't capitalize the word that follows the semicolon unless that word is a proper noun, one that is always capitalized.

56. Reminders about Semicolon Use 3. Limit your use of semicolons; Semicolons are like glasses of champagne; save them for special occasions.

57. LET’S PRACTICE!!! Your sentence seems to be well phrased, however, there are a few minor errors. (correct) Your sentence seems to be well phrased; however, there are a few minor errors.

58. Break

59. The Colon

60. Colon A colon is similar to a period because it is used to make a full stop between a complete sentence and a list or explanation, or before a long, formal quotation.

61. USE A COLON Between a complete sentence and a list or explanation, or preceding a long, formal quotation. Please note that a complete sentence must precede a colon.

62. Between a complete Sentence and a List EXAMPLE: I hate this one course : English. (Yes, one item can constitute a list.) EXAMPLE: Defending free speech, Voltaire made this statement : “I may disagree with what you say, but I shall defend your right to say it.”

63. MORE EXAMPLES EXAMPLE: Ian was dissatisfied with the photos he had taken: all of them were out of focus. EXAMPLE: The reasons he cited for his success are as follows: integrity, industry, and a pleasant disposition.

64. Colon Summary

65. Use a Colon… Between a complete sentence and a list or explanation. Preceding a long, formal quotation. Reminder - a complete sentence must come before the colon.

66. WARNING! DO NOT PLACE A COLON IN THESE INSTANCES: DO NOT place a colon after namely or for example. DO NOT place a colon after a preposition (such as, with, etc.)

67. WARNING! DO NOT PLACE A COLON IN THESE INSTANCES: DO NOT place a colon after a verb (are, include, etc.) unless the sentence ends with a verb. (There are two things that make us what we are:).

68. LET’S PRACTICE!!! (wrong) My best friends are: Liz, Terese, and Tasia. (correct) My best friends are Liz, Terese, and Tasia.

69. I am positive that you cannot resist this one appeal money. (correct) I am positive that you cannot resist this one appeal: money. LET’S PRACTICE!!!

70. Break

71. Part 3 - The Idiom Idioms are spoken phrases that cannot be found in the dictionary. An idiom is an expression that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words.

72. Throw in the Towel (From boxing, where this is done by a boxer's trainer to stop the fight.) to signal that one is going to quit; to quit. To give up in the face of defeat; lacking hope; admit defeat.

73. Lesson Review Today’s lesson was on the use of commas, semicolons and colons. This was a lot of information. Please review this lesson as you need to for mastery with using the comma, the semicolon and colon in your writing.

74. Next Lesson Our next lesson will focus on capitalization and Quotation Marks.