1. INSPIRES PROJECT Innovative Social Policies for Inclusive and Resilient Labour Markets in Europe- Assistant Professor Constantine Dimoulas Project Partner Panteion University

2. AIM of INSPIRES to comparatively assess the resilience and inclusiveness of labour markets in European countries to identify innovative policies that have contributed to resilience and inclusiveness to analyze strategies of policy learning that facilitate the development and transfer of these innovations within and across European nation states THROUGH in-depth analysis of the evolution of labour markets policies, employment policies and social policies qualitatively and quantitatively assessment of the labour market position of vulnerable groups

4. Preliminary findings about youths’ unemployment and the corresponding policies to combat it

5. Evolution of general unemployment rate 1995-2012

6. Evolution of youths(15-24) unemployment rate 1995-2012

7. Evolution of youths unemployment rate and general unemployment rate 1995-2012

8. Unemployment rate of youths 15-24 (1995-2012)

9. Long-term unemployment of youths 15-24 (1995-2012

10. Early leavers from education and training aged 15-24 years old

11. Involuntary part- time employment of youths 15-14 as percentage of total part-time employment

12. Expenditure on training as % of GDP

13. Expenditure on out of work income maintenance as % of GDP

14. Expenditure on LMP as % of GDP

15. Most preferred policies in terms of financing (average spending 2000- 2012) 1 st Policy measure 2 ND Policy measure AT Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and support Expenditure on training BE Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on early retirement BG Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on employment incentives CY Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on employment incentives CZ Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on employment incentives DK Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on early retirement EE Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on training and early retirement FI Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on employment incentives FR Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on training DE Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and support Expenditure on employment incentives and training GR Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on employment incentives HU Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on employment incentives IE Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on employment incentives and training IT Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on training LV Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on employment and rehabilitation LT Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure early retirement and on training LU Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on training and employment incentives MT Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on training NL Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on employment and rehabilitation NO Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on training PL Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on supported employment and rehabilitation PT Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on training RO Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on labour market services SK Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on labour market services SI Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on labour market services ES Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on training SE Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on employment incentives UK Expenditure on out-of-work income maintenance and supportExpenditure on training

16. Policy innovations to combat youths’ unemployment Prolonging probation periods (number of terms -duration ) Reduction of payment Enforcement of conditionality (evidence of looking for a job, training, duration of experience for getting benefits) Internships Various forms of temporally subsidized employment ( subsidies on contributions, tax-reliefs ) Temporal and flexible employment Combination of employment and welfare services (social working -employment for public benefit)

17. Preliminary outcomes Variation of the age ceiling for eligibility between different programs and different countries(-25,27,29,35) No noticeable positive effects of the lifelong learning strategy Coordinated economies are more resilient than competitive economies No clear supremacy of a specific policy choice or a combination of policies The national and regional context matters the most The method of implementation is, also, crucial. Insufficient financing of Employment policies in most countries

18. Some more general findings Most policies are short-term innovations They are supply-side oriented Concentrate on changes in eligibility rules and social protection Ignore their integration in a more broad economic, social and cultural context

19. Some open questions that need comprehensive answers How could the governance of employment policies increase their effectiveness? What are the necessary reforms that could strengthen the bonds of higher secondary education with the labour market? Are there underused financial resources for employment policies? How could be achieved stronger alignment of the employment policies with the national and regional contexts? What are the national and regional policy synergies and mixtures that could limit the length of temporal and precarious employment for youths?