1. Personal and Business Networks Gerrit Rooks “no man is an island, entire of itself…” (Donne 1624).

2. This lecture A few tidbits about personal networks – How many close friends do people have? How many do you have? – Which persons have what kinds of networks? The evolution of business-networks from entrepreneurial networks The Toyota supplier network Alliance networks: direct and indirect ties

3. Social Brain Hypothesis Ronald Dunbar (1947), anthropologist and evolutionary biologist, University of Oxford Ronald Dunbar is famous for the social brain hypothesis: “human intelligence is the evolutionary result of the need for social coordination and cooperation”

4. Personal network size the number of social group members a primate can track, appears to be limited by the volume of the neocortex region of their brain. Dunbar, R.I.M. (1993), Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans, Behavioral and Brain Sciences 16 (4): 681-735.

6. Dunbars number: 150

7. “Social units” Support clique: people who we seek personal advice from Sympathy group: special ties, frequent contact Band: acquaintances, less frequent contact Clan: all current contacts Megaband + Tribe: larger social units

8. Any group greater than 150 will become disfunctional Company size = 75-200 Organizations > 150 need bureaucracy… 75-200 475-1000 50,000 + 20,000 to 45,000 10,000 to 15,000 20,000 to 45,000

9. (Explaining) variation in networks

10. Kalish & Robbish: Ego networks and triad census Strong tie Weak tie

11. Kalish&Robbish describe and explain the triad census Strong tie Weak tie

12. Transitivity: “the forbidden triad” Chris GerritUwe = strong tie = weak tie Chris GerritUwe The forbidden triad is a building block in Granovetters strength of weak ties theory

13. Reasons for transitivity Frequent interaction Similarity Structural balance / cognitive dissonance reduction Chris GerritUwe = strong tie

14. Only weak ties are bridges Chris GerritUwe = strong tie Bert Önder Koen

17. Kalish & Robbish try to explain network differences Do psychological differences affect network differences? What kind of differences are important?

19. Personal and business networks The organizational life cycle Hite & Hesterly. The Evolution of Firm Networks: From Emergence to Early Growth of the Firm Strategic Management Journal, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Mar., 2001), pp. 275-286

20. Social network entrepreneur = firm network `identity’ based networks high proportion of ties with some type of personal or social identification Pre-existing ties, strong embedded network high in closure and cohesion

21. Early / Later growth Calculative networks Ties are primarily motivated by expected economic benefits Weak ties that are more market like, less redundant (Partly) result of pro-actively managing networks

22. From embedded to balanced Emerging firms rely on embedded ties – Low reputation / legitimacy Not an attractive partner -> reluctant banks etc. – Limited search capabilities Growth firms have to rely on arms length relations as well – Firm is more attractive etc – Better search capabilites

23. Intentionally managed networks Firms and individuals (can) learn to create network value Creation of networks also depends on specific competences

24. The Medici Policitical dynasty, banking family, later royal family (14 century) The Medici produced four Popes & two regent queens of France a.o.

26. Padgett, John F.; Ansell, Christopher K. (May 1993). "Robust Action and the Rise of the Medici, 1400– 1434". The American Journal of Sociology 98 (6): 1259–1319.

27. The Toyata supplier network Japanese automobile makers are more and more productive, US is lagging Dyer and Nobeoka: "Creating and managing a high performance knowledge- sharing network: the Toyota case"

28. One large network with core firm as hub Bilateral relationships Weak ties/arm's length relations Structural holes Large network plus multiple nested networks Multi-lateral relationships Strong/embedded ties in nested networks with core firm Dense network

29. Knowledge sharing routines Dilemmas associated with knowledge sharing 1.how can self-interested network members openly share valuable knowledge? 2.how to prevent free-rider problems? 3.how to maximize the efficiency of knowledge transfers?

30. Overcoming knowledge sharing dilemmas 1.how can self-interested network members openly share valuable knowledge? – Create a network 'identity' through network-level knowledge-sharing routines 2.how to prevent free-rider problems? – Network `rules' for knowledge protection and value appropriation 3.how to maximize the efficiency of knowledge transfers? – Creating multiple knowledge-sharing processes and sub- networks in the larger network

31. Why create an identity? Many experiments demonstrate the powerfull effects of social identity, f.i. – Randomly assign individuals to a blue and a green group – Individuals were unknown to each other and were told that they would not meet again – Group members evaluated each other more positively and were more willing to cooperate with each other than non group members

32. How did Toyata create a network 'identity'? Toyota's network is known (labeled) as the `Toyota group'. Toyota creates a shared network identity by developing multiple groups – The supplier association – Toyota's operations management consulting division – Voluntary small group learning teams (jishuken)

33. Developing ties The supplier association (s) – Kyohokai: Toyota's supplier association was established in 1943 – Suppliers must be close to each other Supplier association has regular meetings, fi – Quality committees. – Visit `best practice' plants – Quality management conference held once a year

34. Developing ties Toyota's operations management consulting division – Direct free `on-site' assistance for suppliers Voluntary small group learning teams (jishuken) – Each group consists of roughly 5-8 suppliers – After determining theme, the group visits each member to develop suggestions – Groups are frequently rearranged

35. Network rules for knowledge protection Creating an identity isn't enough to solve sharing and free riding problems Toyota sets a norm/rule by sharing its own knowledge – eliminating the notion that there is `proprietary knowledge' Suppliers must be willing to open their plants to other network members to other network members – reciprocal obligations: We will help you, but in return, you must agree to help the network. – reciprocity norm is enforced by implicit threat of withdrawal of business

36. Creating multiple knowledge sharing processes

37. 37 Alliance networks: Ahuja Two types of ties Direct ties – knowledge sharing – complementary skills – scale economies Indirect ties – knowledge spillovers Direct tie Indirect tie

38. 38 Effects of direct ties Many direct tiesFewer direct ties Knowledge sharing Complementarity higher innovation output Economies of scale

39. 39 Effects of indirect ties Many indirect tiesFewer indirect ties Information gathering devices higher innovation output Screening device

40. 40 Effects of indirect ties depend on the # direct ties Many direct tiesFewer direct ties Relative addition of new resources is smaller. When many partners have indirect ties, information is likely less valuable. since it will reach many others

41. What is better for innovation output of firms: structural holes or network closure? A B

42. A B Ahuja finds that firms embedded in a closed / dense network outperform firms in a open network (B) in terms of patent production