1. Progress of the First Year Legume CHOICE Project Activities - Ethiopia-Action Site By Tamene Temesgen & Tadesse Birhanu Legume CHOICE Project Regional Planning Meeting February 2-4, 2015 Addis Ababa

2. Progress of the First Year Legume CHOICE Project Activities -Ethiopia-Action Site Main activities accomplished 1.Planning meeting conducted,  Partners from the research institutes and agricultural offices participated.  Site teams had worked in groups and produced presentation on the existing farming systems, legume functions, constraints to legume intensification and opportunities for legume promotion/intensification 2.Implementation sites were selected  Diga field site: Lalisa Dimtu (medium market), Fromsa (Good market)  Jeldu field site: Kolu-Galan (medium market), Chollanko (Good market)

3. Main activities accomplished contd… 3.Village meeting has been conducted at both field sites  Farmers from all typologies, genders and age classes were well represented in the participants.  The objective of this village meeting was to introduce the project into the farmers and to help to set farm typologies.  Farm typology indicators,  Thresholds for the typology indicators  Three farm typologies identified  Ownership of certified farm size, size of livestock holdings (oxen owned) and the level of use of agricultural inputs (chemical fertilizer)

4. Main activities accomplished contd… Participants Village meetingFGD Total DigaJelduDigaJeldu Male Farmers20401727104 Female farmers18197650 Development agents (DA)663318 DA's Suppervisors2---2 Agricultural office experts22116 Total48672837180

5. Main activities accomplished contd… Typology indicators and their thresholds at Diga and Jeldu field sites Implementati on siteTypologyFarm sizeLivestock (Oxen)Chemical fertilizer use Diga field site 1. Wealthy ≥ 4ha≥ 6 oxenAll “recommended” rate 2. Middle income >1 & < 4ha2-5 oxenBelow “recommended” rate 3. Lower income ≤ 1ha1 or no oxenDo not use Jeldu field site 1.Wealthy ≥ 3ha ≥ 4 oxen All “recommended” rate ≥ 4ha 2. Middle income >1 & < 3ha 2-3 oxen Below “recommended” rate >1 & < 4ha 3. Lower income ≤ 1ha1 or no oxenDo not use

6. 4. Focus group discussion has been conducted at both field sites The aim of FGD was: To identify and score existing legume species cultivated & their respective functions To identify existing constraints for legume intensification and To search opportunity for niches for possible intervention In all field sites, FGD participant farmers were made aware of legumes definition and different legume types with their respective examples Main activities accomplished contd…

7. Result of Focus Group Discussion Knowledge of legumes and legume systems: All farmers are aware of the role of legumes in soil fertility improvement and in increasing the productivity of subsequent cereal crops. Also aware of the multipurpose functions of legumes They are not aware of the mechanisms by which legumes can improve soil fertility (N-fixation). Most farmers are not aware of the function of fodder tree legumes rather they use them for other purposes such as for shade and construction

8. Annual grainPerennial grainTreeAnnual fodder No. Legume Species legumes DigaJelduDigaJelduDigaJelduDiga 1Ground nut 2Haricot bean 3Faba bean 4Field pea 5Ann.Climbing bean 6Soy bean 7Lupin 8Cow pea 9Chick pea 10Lentil 11Grass pea 12Fenugric 13Per. Climbing bean 14Sesbania 15Lucinea 16Pigeon pea 17Lab-lab 18Tree Lucern 19Calindra 20Alfalfa 21Acacia Legume species and their category grown in both field sites

9. Major legumes produced in each implementation sites Lalisa Dimtu: Ground nut, bush type haricot bean and perennial climbing bean were received highest frequency. Fromsa: Sesbania, annual climbing bean, faba bean and perennial climbing bean were dominant. Kolu-Galan:- Faba bean, field pea, chick pea, grass pea, tree lucern, caliandra Chillanko: Faba bean, field pea, chick pea, grass pea, lentil, caliandra and tree lucern were frequently grown

10. Major functions of legumes identified during focus group discussion Major functions of legumes identified at Lalisa Dimtu during FGD No Legume species producedLegume type Rank of legume function 1234 1Ground nutAnnual grain legumeMarketFoodFeed (residue) Soil Improvement 2Haricot beanAnnual grain legumeMarketFoodSoil Improvement- 3Cow peaAnnual grain legumeFoodFeed-- 4Chick peaAnnual grain legumeMarketFood-- 5Field peaAnnual grain legumeMarketFood-- 6Soy beanAnnual grain legumeFoodMarketFeed (residue)- 7Climbing beanPerennial grain legumeFoodMarketSoil Improvement- 8Pigeon peaFodder tree legumeFoodFeed-- 9SesbaniaFodder tree legumeFeedShadeFire wood- 10LucineaFodder tree legumeFeedFire woodFence- 11Lab labAnn. herbaceous legumeFeed---

11. Major functions of legumes identified…. Major functions of legumes identified at Fromsa during FGD No Legume species producedLegume type Rank of legume function 12345 1Faba beanAnnual grain legumeFoodMarket Soil Improvement Feed (Residue) Feed (cooked grain) 2Field peaAnnual grain legumeFoodMarket Soil ImprovementAnimal feed- 3Haricot beanAnnual grain legumeFood Soil ImprovementAnimal feed-- 4Ann. Climbing beanAnnual grain legumeFoodMarket--- 5Peren. Climbing beanAnnual grain legumeFoodMarket--- 6SesbaniaAnnual grain legumeFeed Soil ImprovementShadeFire woodFencing

12. Constraints related to legume area production, productivity and legume utilization Diga field site: Lack of seeds of improved cultivars, Diseases & pests, Poor soil fertility, Termite incidence & damage Lack of awareness on functions and benefits of legumes, Low market price of their produce, Poor crop management, Cereal mono-cropping, Un affordable price of chemical fertilizer, Giving priority to cereal crops and Lack of knowledge of legume utilization in different forms Lack of herbicide for weed control

13. Constraints contnd…. Jeldu field site: Soil fertility decline Lack of improved seeds High fungal disease incidence High input (fertilizer) price Lack of pesticides (fungicide) Change of weather Lack of awareness Low market price of the product Insect pests

14. Percent of importance attached to major legume production and productivity constraints at Diga field site Lalisa Dimtu Fromsa

15. Percent of importance attached to major legume production and productivity constraints at Jeldu field site

16. Different measures that farmers are locally practicing to alleviate the challenges No.Major challenges identified Different measures that farmers are practicing to alleviate the challenges 1 Lack of improved seeds and supply  Farmer to farmer seed exchange,  Purchasing from who owned,  Selecting vigor seed from locally available 2 Disease  Rouging out diseased plants,  Planting quality seeds, some cultural practices  Crop rotation, use fungicides,  Planting date adjustment  Not to plant on soils with poor fertility 3 Lack of awareness  Consulting expertise,  Trying out research results on their farm,  Experience sharing through field days,  Farmer to farmer field exchange visits and  Attending mass media 4 Low market price of produce  Keeping in store to sale during high price time  Producing a crop that have good market value.

17. Measures that farmers are practicing contd….. No.Major challenges identifiedDifferent measures that farmers practicing to alleviate it 5Decline in soil fertility  Use of manures,  Crop rotation,  Reducing land under cereals,  Using both organic and inorganic fertilizers  Fallowing 6Preference for cereal  Using legumes as intercropping 7Insect pests  Insecticides if available,  Mixing grain with chilly paper to protect storage pests 8High price for fertilizer  Use of compost,  Manure application,  Share cropping

18. Preference of legume functions by gender at Diga field site

19. Preference of legume functions by gender at Jeldu field site

20. Major use of legume types by typologies- Lalisa Dimtu

21. Major use of legume types by typologies-Fromsa

22. Major use of legume types by typologies-at Kolu-Galan

23. Major use of legume types by typologies-at Chillanko

24. Quick baseline survey on legumes at Diga Outlines: 1.General household information Age of household heads Household heads education level Age classes of household members 2.Land holding of the respondent farmers 3.Livestock holdings of the households 4.Land use of the respondent farmers 5.Legume species grown in the implementation sites Proportion of land cultivated for legume crops/species 6.Different cropping systems practiced in the implementation sites 7.Rate of chemical fertilizer application

25. Quick baseline survey on legumes at Diga Purpose of the survey: To have existing baseline information on the status of legume production in the area To help to select farmers for farm characterization survey Methods: There are 3-Zones in each implementation sites in such a way that the first zone is nearest and the last zone is farthest away from the main road. Transects walks was done across these pre-defined zones to cover areas, far from and near to the main road. Farmers households on both sides of the transect were randomly visited and questions were asked according to the pre-prepared QS tool to cover 10% of the total households in the Kebele. A total of 126 farmers, i.e., 68 from Lalisa Dimtu and 58 from Fromsa were asked

26. Quick baseline survey result

27. Baseline survey result at Diga contd.... Age classes of the household members

28. Household head level of education

29. Frequency of farmers landholding

30. Proportion of farmers landholdings by typology

31. Average land allocation for different crops, grazing & Others LalisaFromsa

32. Total cattle population by farm-typology

33. Proportion of livestock holding by farm-typology

34. Different legume species scored/grown at Diga field site

35. Legume cropping systems practiced at Diga Field Site

36. Status of chemical fertilizer use by respondents Lalisa: average of 125 kg/ha Fromsa: Average of 55 kg/ha On average: 88 kg/ha applied Majority apply b/n 50 & 100 kg/ha. Almost 17% of the respondent do not apply fertilizer Most use corralling system of animal manure

37. Possible niches for interventions According to the rank given by FG: Awareness creation through practical training using demonstration of research proven technologies at both field sites Soil degradation and lack of improved seeds of legumes Provision of seeds of improved cultivars and Introduction of legumes with soil conservation capacity Moreover: The importance of and better tolerance of fodder tree legumes to sever termite incidence than any other annual crops show us the need of immediate introduction, demonstration and scaling up of such legumes.

38. Possible niches for interventions contd… Introduction of new varieties of pigeon pea in particular is very important because: It is getting an attention to be used as biological soil conservation Pruned stems and leaves-livestock feed Green pods and seeds-human food Pruned pigeon peas-can be used as live stake to produce annual climbing beans which are commonly produced using dry stakes---this helps in reducing deforestation

39. Possible niches for interventions contd… Maize-Legume (both bush and annual climbing common beans) intercropping is the major cropping system but harvest from intercropped legumes is very low. Therefore, Introduction, demonstration, and expansion of improved varieties compatible for intercropping (particularly for farmers with small land holding) Awareness creation and trainings on how to, when and what varieties to be used for the cropping system Trainings on optimum management practices when crops are intercropped Cereal-Legume rotation for farmers with large farm size

40. Possible niches for interventions contd…  Problem of soil fertility degradation, lack of seeds of improved cultivars and high fungal disease pressure were received highest priority constraint  Therefore, introduction, demonstration, and expansion of improved varieties of commonly grown highland legumes  Introduction and demonstration of legume species with soil conservation/erosion control capacity while simultaneously fixing atmospheric N  Potato mono-cropping is a common practice – Demonstration of legume intercropping in potato (particularly field pea)  Introduction of improved chick pea varieties for double cropping of chick pea after barley using residual moisture

41. Thank you !