1. JIBO HE, JASON S. MCCARLEY
Mind Wandering Behind the Wheel 1
JIBO HE, JASON S. MCCARLEY
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2. Driver distraction/ inattention2
We contend lots of distraction when we drive, such as secondary tasks, eg., cell phone, in-vehicle entertainment, and also cognitive distraction, such as , mind wandering.
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3. Secondary-task distraction3
Language production reduces the deviation of lane position. (Brown, Tickner, & Simmonds, 1969)
In both experiments, concurrent production yielded better control of lane position relative to single-task performance;
concurrent comprehension had little impact on control of lane position.
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4. Secondary-task distraction4
Word generation task increases pursuit tracking error. (Strayer & Johnson, 2001)
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5. Secondary-task distraction5
Visual and spatial imaginary task decreases visual inspection window size. (Recarte & Nunes, 2000)
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6. Mind-wandering is distracting too
Source: Regan, Lee, Young (2008)
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7. Mind-wandering is distracting too
Source: Regan, Lee, Young (2008)
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8. Mind-wandering is distracting too8
Poor drivers experience more cognitive failures (Larson, Alderton, Neideffer, & Underhill, 1997; Larson & Merritt, 1991)
High risk drivers tend to mind wander (Violanti & Marshall, 1996)
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9. What’s mind wandering? Attention lapse Absent-minded lapse9
Attention lapse
Absent-minded lapse
Spontaneous cognitive event
Daydreaming
Stimulus-independent thought
Intrusive thought
Task unrelated thought
Spontaneous thought
Everybody knows what is mind wandering. Here is a mind wandering picture. According to Sayette et al (2009), after drinking alcohol, you are more likely to mind-wandering, and do not even aware that you are mindless. “Alcohol increases mind wandering while simultaneously reducing the likelihood of noticing one's mind wandering.”
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10. What’s mind wandering? A decoupled spontaneous mental state10
A decoupled spontaneous mental state
Executive attention is directed away from current task and context (Smallwood & Schooler, 2006; Smallwood, et al., 2008; Antrobus, et al., 1970)
Focuses on self-relevant concerns (Klinger, 1999, 2009)
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11. Mind wandering utilizes central executive11
Mind Wanders more frequently in practiced task (Teasdale, et al., 1995)
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12. Mind wandering utilizes central executive12
Mind wanders more frequently under low information presentation rates (Antrobus, 1968)
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13. Mind wandering utilizes central executive13
Mind wandering activated the default network region and executive network region (Christoff et al., 2009)
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14. Mind wandering impairs performance14
Reduced brain activity prior mind wandering (Smallwood, et al, 2008)
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15. Mind wandering impairs performance15
Mind wandering impairs
Signal detection (Robertson,et al., 1997)
Reading comprehension (Schooler, et al., 2005)
Vigilance (Giambra, 1995)
Memory (Carriere, et al., 2008)
Driving involves
Signal detection
Vigilance
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16. Mind wandering impairs performance16
Cognitive distraction impairs driving
Working memory task (Alm & Nilsson, 1995; Briem & Hedman, 1995)
Mental arithmetic tasks (McKnight & McKnight, 1993)
Sentence judgment task (Brown, Tickner, & Simmonds, 1969)
Word generation task (Strayer & Johnston, 2001)
Visual and spatial imaginary task (Recarte & Nunes, 2000)
Secondly, various secondary-task distractions analogous to mind wandering--- for example, working memory task (Alm & Nilsson, 1995; Briem & Hedman, 1995), mental arithmetic tasks (McKnight & McKnight, 1993), reasoning task (Brown, Tickner, & Simmonds, 1969), word generation task (Strayer & Johnston, 2001), visual and spatial imaginary task (Recarte & Nunes, 2000)--- are known to impair driving performance.
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17. Mind wandering impairs performance17
Mind wandering causes longer fixation duration, and more erratic eye scanning patterns (Reichle, Reineberg, & Schooler, 2010)
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18. Mind wandering impairs driving ?
Source: Regan, Lee, Young (2008)
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19. Research Purpose
Does mind wandering impair driving?
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20. Experiment Design 2 * 2 Within subject design 18 subjects
Driving difficulty: no vs. high wind
Mental state: attentive vs. mind wandering
18 subjects
11 female, 7 male
Age : M= 22, SD = 3.3
follow lead car, with trailing car behind you
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21. Experiment Design
Self-report of mental state (Smallwood & Schooler, 2006)
“Press the button when you find yourself zoning-out”
Dependent measures
Eye movement
Lateral and longitudinal vehicle control
follow lead car, with trailing car behind you
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22. High fidelity driving simulator
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23. Boring and Easy Routes (a). Perspective view (b). Orthographic view
A boring task makes mind wander
(a). Perspective view
(b). Orthographic view
Kane, Brown, McVay, Silvia, Myin-Germeys, & Kwapil, 2007
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24. Hypothesis Mind wandering frequency Lateral vehicle control24
Mind wandering frequency
Lateral vehicle control
Lane position
Longitudinal vehicle control
Velocity
Coherence analysis
Eye scanning patterns
Eye position
# of mirror checking
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25. Mind Wandering Frequency25
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26. Lateral vehicle control26
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27. Longitudinal vehicle control27
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28. Longitudinal vehicle control28
Coherence analysis of velocity (Brookhuis, Karel , De Waard, Dick and Mulder, Ben, 1994)
Coherence
coupling
Phase shift
Delay to adapt
Modulus
Response gain
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29. Longitudinal vehicle control29
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30. Standard deviation of horizontal eye position30
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31. # of mirror checking 31
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32. Summary Performance changes for mindless driving32
Performance changes for mindless driving
Poorer longitudinal vehicle control
Shift of lane position
Reduced visual inspection window
# of mirror checking
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33. Discussions Poorer car following performance Shift of lane position33
Mind-wandering
Secondary-task distraction
Poorer car following performance
Shift of lane position
Reduced visual inspection window
# of mirror checking
Increased headway distance and decreased speed (Alm & Nilsson, 1995).
No change (Alm & Nilsson, 1995) or better lateral vehicle control (Kubose, et al., 2006)
Narrowing of visual attention
Frequency of mirror checks (Recarte & Nunes, 2000, 2003)
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34. Discussions Intentional compensation Unconscious compensation ?34
Mind-wandering
Secondary-task distraction
Intentional compensation
Unconscious compensation ?
Intentional compensation?
Unconscious compensation
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35. Further study Research questions Methods35
Research questions
Will mindless driving impair longitudinal vehicle control (eg. headway distance, velocity etc.) ?
Will performance differ for mind wandering inside vs. outside of awareness?
Methods
Car following paradigm without trailing vehicle
Probe-caught vs. self-caught mind wandering.
“tuning out”— i.e., when your mind wanders and you know it all along.
“zoning out”—i.e., when your mind wanders, but you don’t realize this until you catch it.
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36. Conclusions
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37. Thank You
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