1. Description of an “Embedded System” An embedded system is typically a design making use of the power of a small microcontroller. These microcontrollers combine a microprocessor unit (like the CPU in a desktop (PC) with some additional circuits called “peripherals” This single device can then be embedded into other electronic and mechanical devices for low-cost digital control 1

2. Difference between an Embedded controller and a PC the embedded controller is dedicated to one specific task or set of tasks. PC is designed to run many different types of programs and to connect to many different external devices An embedded controller has a single program and, as a result can be made cheaply to include just enough computing power and hardware to perform that dedicated task 2

3. Difference between an Embedded controller and a PC A PC has a relatively expensive generalized central processing unit (CPU) at its heart with many other external devices (memory, disk drives, video controllers, network interface circuits, etc.). An embedded system has a low-cost microcontroller unit (MCU) for its intelligence, with many peripheral circuits on the same chip, and with relatively few external devices Often, an embedded system is an invisible part, or sub-module of another product, such as a cordless drill, refrigerator or garage door opener 3

4. Difference between an Embedded controller and a PC The controller in these products does a tiny portion of the function of the whole device. The controller adds low-cost intelligence to some of the critical sub- systems in these devices 4

5. Example Embedded System Smoke Detector It’s function is to evaluate signals from a sensor and….. sound an alarm if the signals indicate the presence of smoke A small program in the smoke detector either runs in an infinite loop, sampling the signal from the smoke sensor or…. lies dormant in a low-power “sleep” mode, being awakened by a signal from the sensor. The program then sounds the alarm. The program would possibly have a few other functions, such as a user test function, and a low battery alert. 5

6. Example Embedded System Smoke Detector While a PC with a sensor and audio output could be programmed to do the same function but….. it would not be a cost-effective solution nor would it run on a nine-volt battery, unattended for years!) 6

7. 7

8. 8 The three most important number systems

9. 9 Number System Terms Bit Based on the binary number system Carries a basic unit of information Value can only be either 1 or 0 Byte Consists of eight bits grouped together e.g. 11011001 Bytes can represent numbers which can have mathematical operations performed on them The greatest value has the leftmost bit called the most significant bit (MSB) The rightmost has the least value and is called the least significant bit (LSB) The eight zeros and ones can represent a number ranging from 0 (00000000) to 255 (11111111), that is 256 values, or 2^8.

10. 10 Number System Terms Nibble This is referred to a half a byte In other words it consists of 4 bits

11. 11 Logic Circuits AND Gate

12. 12 Logic Circuits OR Gate

13. 13 Logic Circuits NOT Gate

14. 14 Logic Circuits EXCUSIVE OR Gate